Influence of thermal stratification and thermal radiation on graphene oxide-Ag/H 2 O hybrid nanofluid
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Influence of thermal stratification and thermal radiation on graphene oxide‑Ag/H2O hybrid nanofluid S. Masood1 · M. Farooq2 Received: 30 March 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract In this article, the behavior of MHD hybrid nanofluid passing through a stretching sheet is examined. The current consideration also flashes the thermal radiation effects on hybrid nanofluid. Hybrid nanofluid is the new class of nanofluids which is very famous nowadays. Graphene oxide and silver as nanoparticles and water as a host fluid are considered. We presume low magnetic Reynolds number, and the magnetic field is enforced in the vertical direction. Features of heat transfer are assessed first time by exploiting the graphene oxide-Ag/H2O hybrid nanofluid with thermal radiation. By utilizing suitable transformations, governing equations are incorporated for heat and flow. Corresponding ordinary differential equations are solved by the homotopic procedure. The disparity of unlike parameters on flow and heat is revealed graphically. Resistive force is incorporated mathematically. The nanoparticle volume fraction of graphene oxide enhances both the velocity and temperature of the fluid. It is noticed that the thermal stratification parameter decays the temperature field while the opposite trend is observed for the radiation parameter. The heat transfer rate is disclosed by 3D graphs. It is observed that the temperature profile diminishes for enhanced thermal stratification parameters. Also, the heat transfer rate diminishes for radiation number and stratification parameter. Keywords Hybrid nanofluid · Magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) · Stretching sheet · Thermal stratification · Thermal radiation List of symbols k* Mean absorption coefficient kf Thermal conductivity of water knf Thermal conductivity of nanofluid khnf Thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluid ks1 Thermal conductivity of graphene oxide ks2 Thermal conductivity of silver a, b, c Dimensionless constants f′ Dimensionless velocity T Fluid temperature T0 Refference temperature T∞ Ambient temperature Tw Surface temperature Uw (x) Stretching velocity Ue (x) Free stream velocity * S. Masood [email protected] 1
Department of Mathematics, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics, University of Haripur, Haripur, KPK, Pakistan
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B0 Magnetic field M Hartmann number Pr Prandtl number S1 Stratification parameter R Radiation number Cf Local skin friction coefficient Rex Local Reynold’s number Nu Nusselt number qw Heat flux qr Radiative heat flux Greek symbols 𝜌hnf Density of hybrid nanofluid 𝜌f Density of water 𝜌s1 Density of GO 𝜌s2 Density of Ag 𝜇f Dynamic viscosity of base fluid 𝜇hnf Dynamic viscosity of hybrid nanofluid 𝜎 Stefan–Boltzmann constant ∗ 𝜎nf Electrical conductivity of nanofluid ∗ 𝜎hnf Electrical conductivity of hybrid nanofluid ∗ Electrical conductivity of GO 𝜎s 1 𝜎s∗ Electrical conductivity of Ag 2
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