A Novel Correlation to Calculate Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous Hybrid Graphene Oxide/Silicon Dioxide Nanofluid: Synthe
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RESEARCH ARTICLE-MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
A Novel Correlation to Calculate Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous Hybrid Graphene Oxide/Silicon Dioxide Nanofluid: Synthesis, Characterizations, Preparation, and Artificial Neural Network Modeling Quyen Nguyen1 · Reza Rizvandi2 · Arash Karimipour2 · Omid Malekahmadi3 · Quang-Vu Bach4 Received: 15 April 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 © King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2020
Abstract Graphene oxide is generally used in hydrogen storage, energy conversion, lens, and flexible rechargeable battery electrode. Silica is one of the most plentiful families of materials, which has potential to be an excellent choice for industrial applications due to its low-cost production, high specific surface area, and also its hydrophilicity. Hybrid nanofluid (HN) is one of nanofluid types in which more than one solid particle dispersed in a fluid. In this paper, after preparation of graphene oxide/silicon dioxide/water hybrid nanofluid, thermal conductivity (TC) was studied and numerically modeled. Then, to study phase and structural analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis and dynamic light scattering analysis were employed. After that, scanning electron microscope was used to study microstructural observation of nanoparticles. TC measurements of HN were taken at volume fractions of 0.05–1.0% and at temperature ranges of 25–50 °C. Thermal conductivity enhancement of 26.93% was measured at 1.0 vol.% fraction in 50 °C temperature. For numerical modeling, new correlation has been offered (R2 0.9), and further, artificial neural network has been modeled (R2 0.999). For offered correlation, 1.48% deviation and for trained model, 1.26% deviation were calculated. Totally, GO–SiO2 –H2 O HN has acceptable heat transfer potential. Keywords Graphene oxide · Hybrid nanofluid · Experimental/numerical · ANN
1 Introduction In recent years, energy efficiency or energy conservation and energy saving has gained lots of interest from researchers [1–6]. This is a novel path to save energy and to enhance the TC of typical base fluids (BFs) as oil, ethylene glycol (EG), and H2 O via dispersing nanoparticles (NPs) [7, 8]. In Corresponding author at: Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
B
Quang-Vu Bach [email protected]
1
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad University, Esfahan, Iran
3
Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
4
Sustainable Management of Natural Resources and Environment Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
the industrial operations, the mentioned liquids have been used as the function liquid as the solar cell, heat exchanger, etc. [9–11]. Further, nanofluids will have noticeably more TC than base-fluids [12, 13]. Because of their more TC, nanofluids which are suspensions of solid NPs (polymeric, nonmetallic or m
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