Information Theoretic Model to Simulate Agent-Signage Interaction for Wayfinding
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Information Theoretic Model to Simulate Agent-Signage Interaction for Wayfinding Rohit K. Dubey1,2
· Tyler Thrash1,3,4 · Mubbasir Kapadia5 · Christoph Hoelscher1,2 · Victor R. Schinazi1
Received: 10 March 2019 / Accepted: 10 October 2019 © The Author(s) 2019
Abstract Signage systems are critical for communicating spatial information during wayfinding among a plethora of noise in the environment. A proper signage system can improve wayfinding performance and user experience by reducing the perceived complexity of the environment. However, previous models of sign-based wayfinding do not incorporate realistic noise or quantify the reduction in perceived complexity from the use of signage. Drawing upon concepts from information theory, we propose and validate a new agent-signage interaction model that quantifies available wayfinding information from signs for wayfinding. We conducted two online crowd-sourcing experiments to compute the distribution of a sign’s visibility and an agent’s decision-making confidence as a function of observation angle and viewing distance. We then validated this model using a virtual reality (VR) experiment with trajectories from human participants. The crowd-sourcing experiments provided a distribution of decision-making entropy (conditioned on visibility) that can be applied to any sign/environment. From the VR experiment, a training dataset of 30 trajectories was used to refine our model, and the remaining test dataset of 10 trajectories was compared with agent behavior using dynamic time warping (DTW) distance. The results revealed a reduction of 38.76% in DTW distance between the average trajectories before and after refinement. Our refined agentsignage interaction model provides realistic predictions of human wayfinding behavior using signs. These findings represent a first step towards modeling human wayfinding behavior in complex real environments in a manner that can incorporate several additional random variables (e.g., environment layout). Keywords Cognitive agent · Information theory · Entropy · Artificial intelligence · Agent-based model · Signage system
Introduction Wayfinding and orientation in built environments are essential aspects of people’s daily lives. Many of these environments are unfamiliar and thus require wayfinding assistance. There are various types of “knowledge in the world” (i.e., external knowledge) [1] that can help individuals find their way such as signs, maps, landmarks, and fixed geometric aspects of the environment [2–5]. Signs can be particularly easy to understand because they require less abstraction than you-are-here maps, to adapt because they can accommodate changes to the environment, and to quantify because they allow for the measurement of relevant information [6]. Indeed, recent research has
Rohit K. Dubey
[email protected]
Extended author information available on the last page of the article.
validated the importance of the perception, interpretation, and usage of the directional information provided by signage systems for improvin
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