Inkjet printing of paraffin on paper allows low-cost point-of-care diagnostics for pathogenic fungi
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Inkjet printing of paraffin on paper allows low-cost point-ofcare diagnostics for pathogenic fungi Anusha Prabhu . M. S. Giri Nandagopal . Prakash Peralam Yegneswaran . Hardik Ramesh Singhal . Naresh Kumar Mani
Received: 9 April 2020 / Accepted: 24 June 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract We present a high resolution, ultra-frugal printing of paper microfluidic devices using in-house paraffin formulation on a simple filter paper. The patterns printed using an office inkjet printer formed a selective hydrophobic barrier of 4 ± 1 lm thickness with a hydrophilic channel width of 275 lm. These printed patterns effectively confine common aqueous solutions and solvents, which was verified by solvent compatibility studies. SEM analysis reveals that the solvent confinement is due to pore blockage in the
filter paper. The fabricated paper-based device was validated for qualitative assessment of Candida albicans (pathogenic fungi) by using a combination of L-proline b-naphthylamide as the substrate and cinnamaldehyde as an indicator. Our studies reveal that the pathogenic fungi can be detected within 10 min with the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.86 9 106 cfu/ mL. Owing to its simplicity, this facile method shows high potential and can be scaled up for developing robust paper-based devices for biomarker detection in resource-limited settings.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03314-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. A. Prabhu N. K. Mani (&) Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] M. S. Giri Nandagopal Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
P. Peralam Yegneswaran N. K. Mani Manipal-McGill Centre for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India H. R. Singhal Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
P. Peralam Yegneswaran Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
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Cellulose
Graphic abstract
Keywords Inkjet printing Paraffin formulation Candida albicans Point-of-care
Introduction Most often, the presence of microbial pathogens (including bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites) inside and around humans has been shown to have detrimental effects on their health, which ranges from mild infections all the way up to lethal diseases (Savary et al. 2019; Chow et al. 2010). As a result, pathogen detection is more imperative than ever and is readily employed in wide-spread areas like food testing (Priyanka et al. 2016), environmental monitoring (Rajapaksha et al. 2019)
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