Insight in to sunlight-driven rapid photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes by hexacyanoferrate-based nanoparticles
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Insight in to sunlight-driven rapid photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes by hexacyanoferrate-based nanoparticles Manviri Rani 1 & Uma Shanker 2 Received: 8 April 2020 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Release of colouring agents into the environment alarms the need to design a cheap, quick and safe process. Owing to environmental safety concern, synthesis of two metal hexacyanoferrates (MHCFs) based on cadmium (CdHCF) and manganese (MnHCF) was carried out using natural plant extract of Azadirachta indica and water as a solvent. Synthesized MHCFs were utilized for the removal of an acid dye (fuchsin acid, FA) and a xanthenes dye (rhodamine B, RB). The reactions were optimized at various conditions of dye concentration, catalyst dose, reaction pH, time and source of light. The MHCFs showed excellent results with both the dyes within very limited span of time (2 h). Consequently, 98% of FA and 97% of RB were degraded with 10 mg of CdHCF, at neutral pH and under sunlight. The degradation process followed the first-order reaction kinetics having t1/2 around 0.3 min. The MHCFs exhibited difference of only little percentage in degradation owing to a very slight difference between their surface areas (CdHCF: 54.1 m2 g−1; MnHCF: 49.7 m2 g−1). The synthesised nanocatalysts were stable as indicated by their higher negative zeta potential values. The adsorption of dyes was found to be maximum with CdHCF having Xm value 19.69 mg g−1 and 18.15 mg g−1 for FA and RB, respectively. Photocatalytic degradation involved the main role of hydroxyl radical as indicated by decline in activity of nanocatalyst in the presence of scavengers. All in all, this study presents highly active nanomaterials with higher surface area, stability and semiconducting properties under natural conditions. Keywords Hexacynoferrate nanoparticles . Photocatalysts . Organic dyes . Water . Removal
Introduction Nowadays, extensive advancement of cosmetics, clothing and printing industries has enhanced the usage of dyes. India solely has more than 2200 dye industries, and annually around 30,000 tonnes of dyes are manufactured (Keharia and Patel Responsible editor: Sami Rtimi Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10925-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Manviri Rani [email protected] * Uma Shanker [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
2
Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab 144011, India
2004). Therefore, it is quite predictable to industrial run off of dyes into the water resources directly (Zhang et al. 2011). Synthetic colouring agents have mostly complicated structures with aromatic rings causing its stability against various removal processes. The presence of dyes in water bodies has been res
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