Instant Cyclohexene Epoxidation Over Ni-TUD-1 Under Ambient Conditions
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Instant Cyclohexene Epoxidation Over Ni‑TUD‑1 Under Ambient Conditions Mohamed S. Hamdy1 · Nabil Al‑Zaqri2 · Taher Sahlabji1 · Murad Eissa1 · Mohammad Abu Haija3 · Abdullah M. Alhanash1 · Ali Alsalme2 · Fahad A. Alharthi2 · Mohamed Abboud1 Received: 22 July 2020 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract To avoid the aggregation problem and activity loss of nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NPs) in organic reactions, NiO NPs were incorporated into TUD-1 mesoporous material. One-step sol–gel preparation was applied to prepare four samples of Ni incorporated in TUD-1 silica matrix with different Ni content. The four samples with Si/Ni ratio = 100, 50, 20, and 10 were characterized by means of elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, N 2 sorption measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The characterization analysis showed that Ni2+ ions were incorporated into the silica matrix as individual isolated active sites at Ni content smaller than 2 wt%, and as nanoparticles of NiO when the loading is equal to or higher than 5 wt%. The size of NiO NPs inside the silica matrix is highly dependent on the Ni content, i.e. the size of NiO NPs when the loading was 5 wt% and 10 wt% was 5–10 and 40–60 nm, respectively. The catalytic activity of Ni-TUD-1 was investigated in the epoxidation reaction of cyclohexene at room temperature by using meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) as an oxidant. The obtained results showed that Ni-TUD-1 exhibited superior activity in which 100% conversion of cyclohexene with > 90% selectivity towards cyclohexene oxide was obtained instantly. This result was found to benchmark not only the unsupported NiO nanoparticles, but also the reported catalysts at similar conditions. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Cyclohexene · Instant epoxidation · Ni-TUD-1 · NiO nanoparticles · Superior activity · Sol–gel synthesis * Mohamed S. Hamdy [email protected] 1
Catalysis Research Group (CRG), Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
1 Introduction The epoxidation reactions of cycloalkenes have attracted a lot of interest because of the high industrial impact of the epoxide products [1, 2]. Epoxides are the raw materials for several products such as resins, paints, surfactants and other intermediates for organic synthesis [3, 4]. Epoxides are
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usually prepared through catalytic oxidation of cycloalkenes at moderate temperature [5]. The use of transition metal complexes as homogeneous catalysts in the selective oxidation of hydrocarbon is a challenging and exciting scientific goal, because it is an e
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