Down-Regulation of Zeaxanthin Epoxidation in Vascular Plant Leaves Under Normal and Photooxidative Stress Conditions
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Down‑Regulation of Zeaxanthin Epoxidation in Vascular Plant Leaves Under Normal and Photooxidative Stress Conditions Minh Hien Hoang1,2 · Ho‑Seung Kim1 · Ismayil S. Zulfugarov1 · Choon‑Hwan Lee1 Received: 18 February 2020 / Revised: 27 May 2020 / Accepted: 29 May 2020 © Korean Society of Plant Biologist 2020
Abstract The down-regulation of zeaxanthin (Zx) epoxidation is important for the regulation of Zx accumulation in xanthophyll cycle and for the development of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The NPQ development and Zx accumulation kinetics in rice, barley, and spinach leaves under light of different intensities were highly similar among the three plants. When the leaves were pre-treated with an inhibitor of Zx epoxidase (ZE), salicylaldoxime (SA), the two kinetics patterns in the leaves under low and moderately high light intensities became similar to those of high light intensity-treated leaves. Therefore, we propose that reversible down-regulation of Zx epoxidation plays an important role in plants, and this reversible downregulation mechanism is a general mechanism in plants which occurs at room temperature under various light conditions as well as under different stress conditions in the presence of light. This reversible down-regulation is different from the irreversible down-regulation mechanism of ZE which involves ZE protein degradation together with D1 protein degradation under photooxidative conditions. There will be discussion on the mechanisms for the actual regulation of ZE activities involving phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of still unknown regulator(s) and/or by the redox regulation involving NADPH thioredoxin reductase C and thioredoxin m. Keywords Barley · Down-regulation · Phosphorylation · Redox regulation · Rice · Spinach · Xanthophyll cycle · Zeaxanthin epoxidase
Introduction While light energy is converted to useful chemical energy during photosynthesis, excess light is harmful to the plants. Most of the excess energy, which is not required for photosynthetic CO 2 assimilation, is dissipated as heat via Minh Hien Hoang and Ho-Seung Kim have contributed equally to the work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-020-09260-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Choon‑Hwan Lee [email protected] 1
Department of Integrated Biological Science, Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Jangjeon‑dong, Geumjung‑ku, Busan 46241, South Korea
Algal Biotechnology Department, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence (Horton et al. 1996; Niyogi 2000; Zulfugarov et al. 2010, 2014). Zeaxanthin (Zx), a component of the violaxanthin (Vx) cycle, participates in the non-photochemical protection mechanism in vascular plants and algae (Demmig et al. 1987; Krause and Weis 1991; Pfündel and Bilger 1994; Jahns et al. 2009). In the Vx cycle, also kn
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