Integrating adverse effect analysis into environmental risk assessment for exotic generalist arthropod biological contro
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REVIEW
Integrating adverse effect analysis into environmental risk assessment for exotic generalist arthropod biological control agents: a three-tiered framework De´bora P. Paula . David A. Andow . Barbara I. P. Barratt . Robert S. Pfannenstiel . Philippa J. Gerard . Jacqui H. Todd . Tania Zaviezo . Maria G. Luna . Claudia V. Ce´dola . Antoon J. M. Loomans . Andy G. Howe . Michael D. Day . Clark Ehlers . Chris Green . Salvatore Arpaia . Eizi Yano . Gabor L. Lo¨vei . Norihide Hinomoto . Eliana M. G. Fontes . Carmen S. S. Pires . Pedro H. B. Togni . James R. Nechols . Micky D. Eubanks . Joop C. van Lenteren Received: 1 May 2020 / Accepted: 23 September 2020 International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) 2020
Abstract Environmental risk assessments (ERAs) are required before utilizing exotic arthropods for biological control (BC). Present ERAs focus on exposure analysis (host/prey range) and have resulted in approval of many specialist exotic biological control agents (BCA). In comparison to specialists, generalist arthropod BCAs (GABCAs) have been considered inherently risky and less used in classical De´bora. P. Paula and David A. Andow contributed equally to the study. Handling Editor: Eric Wajnberg
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-020-10053-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. D. P. Paula (&) E. M. G. Fontes C. S. S. Pires Department of Biological Control, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brası´lia, DF 70770-901, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] D. A. Andow Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 219 Hodson Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA B. I. P. Barratt AgResearch, Invermay Research Centre, PB 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand
biological control. To safely consider exotic GABCAs, an ERA must include methods for the analysis of potential effects. A panel of 47 experts from 14 countries discussed, in six online forums over 12 months, scientific criteria for an ERA for exotic GABCAs. Using four case studies, a three-tiered ERA comprising Scoping, Screening and Definitive Assessments was developed. The ERA is primarily based on expert consultation, with decision processes in each tier that lead to the approval of the petition or the subsequent tier. In the Scoping Assessment, likelihood of establishment (for augmentative BC), and potential effect(s) are qualitatively assessed. If risks are identified, the Screening Assessment is conducted, in which 19 categories of effects (adverse and beneficial) are quantified. If a risk exceeds the proposed risk threshold in any of these categories, the analysis B. I. P. Barratt J. H. Todd Better Border Biosecurity, Wellington, New Zealand R. S. Pfannenstiel Pests, Pathogens and Biocontrol Permitting, Plant Health Programs, USDA APHIS PPQ, 4700 River Road, Unit 133, Riverdale, MD 20737, USA P. J. Gerard AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, PB 3123 Hamilton, New Zealand
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