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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Sunscreen Composition 2.1 Organic and Inorganic UV Filters 3 Occurrence of UV Filters (UVFs) in the Environment 4 Effects in Aquatic Organisms 5 Environmental Risk Assessment 5.1 General Approach 5.2 Case Study: Preliminary Environmental Risk Assessment of Sunscreens 6 Conclusions and Information Gaps References

Abstract The sunscreens are complex products for protecting the skin of UV radiation. These products contain active ingredients organic and inorganic UV filters. The release of some of these components can provoke negative effects to aquatic ecosystems. The UV filters have shown to be present in environmental compartments (freshwater, wastewater, groundwater, seawater, sediment, and sand) and to be ubiquitous, motivated by the use in other applications. To assess the environmental risk of these products implies to know exposure conditions and toxic effects in order to establish the risk quotient. This is calculated as the ratio between predicted environmental concentration (PEC) or measured environmental concentration (MEC) and predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). The organic compounds that presented higher risk were benzophenone-3, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor. Nevertheless, this risk is depending on the location and environmental compartment. The lack of a database

J. Blasco (*), C. Trombini, and C. V. M. Araujo Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain e-mail: [email protected] M. Sendra Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Vigo (CSIC), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, David Sánchez-Quiles, and Julián Blasco (eds.), Sunscreens in Coastal Ecosystems: Occurrence, Behavior, Effect and Risk, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_569, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

J. Blasco et al.

concentration of inorganic nanoparticles (TiO2 and ZnO) makes difficult to carry out a realistic assessment of environmental risk, although using modeled data an approach was carried out. The results evidenced that certain risk can be related to the release of these nanomaterials from sunscreens, although a refinement will be necessary to reduce the uncertainties. Finally, some gaps of information have been identified in order to get a more realistic environmental risk assessment. Thus, the toxicity of the mixture of sunscreens compounds under realistic conditions and the improvement of the knowledge of their mode of actions could be the next steps. Keywords Agglomerations, Biocidal, Estuarine ecosystems, Herbicides, Nanomaterials, Phytoplankton, Sunscreens

1 Introduction The sunscreens are very complex products whose objective is to protect the skin of UV radiation. The UV light is part of the visible light and ranges between from 100 and 400 nm, and it is divided in three regions: (1) 290–320 nm (UV-B), (2) 320–400 nm (UV-A), and (3) 100–290 nm (UV-C). This last region is not of medical relevance because it is filtered by ozone layer [1]. Although the sunscreens have been employed since t