Integration of Optimal Time-of-Use Pricing in Stochastic Programming for Energy and Reserve Management in Smart Micro-gr
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RESEARCH PAPER
Integration of Optimal Time-of-Use Pricing in Stochastic Programming for Energy and Reserve Management in Smart Micro-grids Mehdi Nikzad1 • Abouzar Samimi2 Received: 6 June 2019 / Accepted: 21 April 2020 Shiraz University 2020
Abstract In this paper, the optimal operation problem of smart micro-grids integrated with the pricing of Time-of-Use (TOU) demand response (DR) program is modeled as a two-stage stochastic programming problem with the aim of minimizing the cost of MG operation and running TOU in the presence of renewable resources and incentive-based DR programs. Here, TOU as the most common type of time-based DR programs is implemented using a linear function based on the concept of self- and cross-price elasticity of load demand. In the presented model, the forecasting errors of generation of renewable resources are modeled by probability density functions. The operator of MG decides on two stages for optimal management of its network; the first stage refers to the operation of base condition of MG and the second one is pertaining to after the realization of different scenarios for generation of renewable resources. The base condition of MG refers to the situation in which the active power productions of renewables are equal to the predicted values. The proposed model is solved by Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. A typical MG is employed to investigate and analyze the different features of the method. By varying the demand response potential of MG consumers, TOU tariffs are determined, and their impact on the results of energy and reserve cost as well as voltage and load profiles of MG are analyzed. Numerical results show the efficiency of DR in reducing costs as well as covering the uncertainty resulting from renewables. Keywords Smart micro-grid Renewable resources Uncertainty Demand response Energy and reserve scheduling Stochastic programming Time of use
1 Introduction Micro-grid (MG) is defined as combining Distributed Energy Resource (DER) units, energy storage units, and a set of controllable and non-controllable loads for meeting heat and power load demands, which can be operated in both grid-connected or standalone modes. MGs can sell power to the upstream grid or buy power from the upstream grid by connecting to a grid for power balancing of supply and demand. Whereas, MG is separated from the grid in the & Abouzar Samimi [email protected]; [email protected] Mehdi Nikzad [email protected] 1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Arak, Iran
standalone operating mode, in which the consumers procure their required power from MG considering the DER bid prices (Zhang et al. 2013; Jiang et al. 2013). Currently, Renewable Energy Sources (RESs), such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT), are introduced as an emission-free and efficient option in power systems toward achieving clean energy systems to supply the ever-g
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