International News Agencies A History
International news-agencies, such as Reuters, the Associated Press and Agence France-Presse, have long been ‘unsung heroes’ of the media sphere. From the mid-nineteenth century, in Britain, the US, France and, to a lesser extent, Germany, a small number o
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International News Agencies
Michael B. Palmer
International News Agencies A History
Michael B. Palmer Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris, France
ISBN 978-3-030-31177-3 ISBN 978-3-030-31178-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31178-0 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: John Lamb / Getty images Cover design: eStudioCalamar This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents
1 Before the Birth, and the First Steps of News Agencies: The (London) Times and the First International News Agencies, 1830–50s 1 2 Reuter’s S. Engländer and Intra-European Agency Negotiations, 1847–90s 25 3 A Widening World? Agencies and International News in an Age of Empire, 1848–1914 47 4 World War I and the Agencies 73 5 Inter-war Years: Towards the End of “The Cartel”— Inter-agency and International Strife 87 6 World War II and the Cold War: News in a Worldwide Age of Censorship and Propaganda119 7 The US Agencies 1944–82: Expansionist AP; the Changing Fortunes of UP(I)139
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Contents
8 Agence France-Presse and Reuters, 1944–91: Beginnings and Renewal151 9 “Money, Money, Money”: Bloomberg, Reuters and a Changing Agency Scene; International News-Reporting a Continuing Priority. Agencies Monitor Performance. (77I4)177 10 Covering US Presidential Elections: 2000—Bush vs. Gore199 11 The End of the “British” Reuters213 12 News Technology: All Together?; On the News Front— “Yes” and “No”231 13 By Way of Conclusion: Final Remarks241 Index259
Introduction, Abbreviations, Conventions
For much of their existence, internationa
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