Interrelations Between Temperature Variations in Oceanic Depths and the Global Atmospheric Oscillation
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Pure and Applied Geophysics
Interrelations Between Temperature Variations in Oceanic Depths and the Global Atmospheric Oscillation I. V. SERYKH1
and D. M. SONECHKIN1
Abstract—Using data on the distribution of temperatures in the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans, large-scale structures of spatial and temporal variations of these temperatures are investigated. A structure is found which is almost identical to the spatial and temporal sea surface temperature (SST) structure that is characteristic of the recently found Global Atmospheric Oscillation. Variations in water temperature in a near-equatorial zone of the Pacific Ocean at depths up to about 150 m behave themselves in the same way as variations in sea surface height and SST. At even greater depths, variations in water temperature reveal a ‘‘striped’’ structure, which is, however, overall similar to that of SST variations. Variations of water temperature at depths in all three oceans spread from east to west along the equator with a period of 14 months. This makes it possible to think that the dynamics of these temperatures are controlled by the so-called Pole tides. The surface North Pacific Pole Tide was found previously responsible for excitation of El Nin˜o. The deep Pole tides in the Southern Atlantic and Southern Indian Ocean appear to be triggers of the Atlantic El Nin˜o and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Thus, IOD manifests itself at the depth of the thermocline more clearly than on the surface of the Indian Ocean. The out-of-phase behavior of El Nin˜o and IOD is explained by the 180° difference in the longitudes of these phenomena. Keywords: Ocean–atmosphere interrelations, short-term climatic variations, pole tide effects on climate, El Nin˜o–southern oscillation, Indian ocean dipole.
1. Introduction Over the past decades, there exists a steady increase of interest to study short-term (interannual to interdecadal) variations in the global climate system. At the same time, it is necessary to be interested in
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-020-02615-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 1 Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36, Nahimovskiy Prospekt, Moscow, Russia 117997. E-mail: [email protected]
those hydrometeorological processes which not only longer living, but also cover larger geographic areas than the synoptic scale processes in the atmosphere. As pioneering from this point of view, it is necessary to mention investigations of El Nin˜o in connection with India’s monsoons and, more broadly, with heterogeneous processes in the southeast of Asia. These investigations led to the recognition of the socalled Southern Oscillation (Walker and Bliss 1932; Bjerknes 1969) in the early 20th century. In the middle and the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, due to the needs of the numerical hydrodynamical weather forecasting, and the emergence of computers, meteorologists focused on the synoptic scale atmosp
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