Intersectionality and health-related stigma: insights from experiences of people living with stigmatized health conditio
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(2020) 19:206
RESEARCH
Open Access
Intersectionality and health-related stigma: insights from experiences of people living with stigmatized health conditions in Indonesia Sarju Sing Rai1,2* , Ruth M. H. Peters1, Elena V. Syurina1, Irwanto Irwanto3, Denise Naniche2 and Marjolein B. M. Zweekhorst1
Abstract Background: Health-related stigma is a complex phenomenon, the experience of which intersects with those of other adversities arising from a diversity of social inequalities and oppressive identities like gender, sexuality, and poverty – a concept called “intersectionality”. Understanding this intersectionality between health-related stigma and other forms of social marginalization can provide a fuller and more comprehensive picture of stigma associated with health conditions. The main objective of this paper is to build upon the concept of intersectionality in healthrelated stigma by exploring the convergence of experiences of stigma and other adversities across the intersections of health and other forms of social oppressions among people living with stigmatized health conditions in Indonesia. Methods: This qualitative study interviewed 40 people affected by either of four stigmatizing health conditions (HIV, leprosy, schizophrenia, and diabetes) in Jakarta and West Java, Indonesia between March and June 2018. Data was analyzed thematically using an integrative inductive-deductive framework approach. Results: The main intersectional inequalities identified by the participants were gender and socioeconomic status (n = 21), followed by religion (n = 13), age (n = 11), co-morbidity (n = 9), disability (n = 6), and sexuality (n = 4). Based on these inequalities/identities, the participants reported of experiencing oppression because of prevailing social norms, systems, and policies (macro-level), exclusion and discrimination from societal actors (meso-level), and selfshame and stigma (micro-level). While religion and age posed adversities that negatively affected participants in macro and meso levels, they helped mitigate the negative experiences of stigma in micro level by improving selfacceptance and self-confidence. (Continued on next page)
* Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Athena Institute, Faculty of Science, Vrije University Amsterdam, VU Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2 Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the mate
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