Intestinal microbial metabolites in human metabolism and type 2 diabetes
- PDF / 613,786 Bytes
- 15 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 66 Downloads / 189 Views
REVIEW
Intestinal microbial metabolites in human metabolism and type 2 diabetes Hilde Herrema 1
&
Jan Hendrik Niess 2,3
Received: 17 April 2020 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Humans with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes have an altered gut microbiome. Emerging evidence indicates that it is not only the microorganisms and their structural components, but also their metabolites that influences the host and contributes to the development of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Here, we discuss some of the mechanisms underlying how microbial metabolites are recognised by the host or are further processed endogenously in the context of type 2 diabetes. We discuss the possibility that gut-derived microbial metabolites fuel the development of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Keywords Intestinal barrier . Metabolites . Microbiome . Review . The metabolic syndrome . Type 2 diabetes
Abbreviations AhR Aryl hydrocarbon receptor BCAA Branched-chain amino acid CLA Conjugated linoleic acid FFAR Free fatty acid receptor FMT Faecal microbiota transplantation FXR Farnesoid X receptor GABA γ-Aminobutyric acid GLP-1 Glucagon-like peptide 1 GPCR G protein-coupled receptor ILC Innate lymphoid cell ImP Imidazole propionate
LCFA LPS NASH PYY SCFA TMA TMAO UDCA VIP
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05268-4) contains a slide of the figure for download, which is available to authorised users.
Introduction
* Hilde Herrema [email protected] * Jan Hendrik Niess [email protected] 1
Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
2
Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
3
University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, St Clara Hospital and University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Long-chain fatty acid Lipopolysaccharide Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Peptide YY Short-chain fatty acid Trimethylamine Trimethylamineoxide Ursodeoxycholic acid Vasoactive intestinal peptide
The gut microbiome in humans can be considered as an organ, which has functions critical for human metabolism, digestion, maintenance of gut barrier function and immunomodulation. Moreover, the gut microbiome has been linked to many diseases not classically associated with microbes, such as metabolic diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and psychiatric disorders. A skyrocketing number of publications implicate the gut microbiome in the development of metabolic diseases including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Although the majority of publications on human disease development are associative and, as yet, do not provide much mechanistic insight, the field is rapidly moving towards translational studies combining animal models with human intervention. This movement is
Diabetologia
critical to push forward our understanding of this complex community in the regulatio
Data Loading...
