Intraspecific variability in cold tolerance in Pinus brutia sampled from two contrasting provenance trials
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Intraspecific variability in cold tolerance in Pinus brutia sampled from two contrasting provenance trials Akkın Semerci1 · Bora İmal2 · Carlos A. Gonzalez‑Benecke3 Received: 30 April 2020 / Accepted: 6 October 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.), is the most important tree species for afforestation in the Mediterranean basin due to its drought tolerance and fast growth rate. Cold damage to trees caused by harsh winter conditions is common on many sites in Turkey. Adaptation to climate change has been investigated primarily through the movement of species from warmer and drier climates, such as the Mediterranean P. brutia, to higher latitudes and cooler sites in central-north Turkey. In order to better guide species and provenances movement to new (and often harsh) environments for afforestation, the limits of tolerance to cold and drought should be better known. Thus, we designed an experiment to quantify the cold hardiness of nine P. brutia provenances originating from two different provenance trials in Turkey (Ankara, cold inner site; Antalya, warm Mediterranean site). Branches sampled at the end of January were exposed to cold temperatures between − 5 and − 40 °C. Visual damage observation, relative electric leakage and chlorophyll fluorometry (CF) screening methods were used to assess variation in cold hardiness among populations. Overall, P. brutia can tolerate winter temperatures up to − 16 °C. Even though there were significant differences on cold hardiness among populations, the operational application is limited due to the reduced magnitude of those differences. Measuring CF was the fastest and most easily replicated method to estimate cold hardiness and was as reliable as REL. We recommend that P. brutia should not be planted in cold areas where minimum annual temperatures are under − 16 °C. We also conclude that even though phenotypic plasticity exists for cold hardiness among the tested populations of P. brutia, the observed differences resulted from acclimation to the conditions of the provenance trial sites rather than from adaptation through natural selection. Keywords Frost resistance · Turkish red pine · Electrolyte leakage · Chlorophyll fluorescence · Frost damage * Akkın Semerci [email protected] 1
Department of Forestry and Forest Products, Niksar Vocational School, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
2
Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey
3
Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
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Vol.:(0123456789)
New Forests
Introduction Climate projections for the Mediterranean basin suggest that the region will become warmer and drier with more frequent and extreme weather events (IPCC 2013, 2014). Historic data for Turkey indicated a marked temperature warming trend since the mid-1980s. The frequency of record minimum air temperature events observed in Turkey decreased from the 1950s
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