Introducing Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) Assisted EEMF Spectroscopic Based Novel Analytical Approach for the Dis
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Introducing Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) Assisted EEMF Spectroscopic Based Novel Analytical Approach for the Discrimination of Commercial Gasoline Fuels Riham El Kurdi 1 & Keshav Kumar 2
&
Digambara Patra 1
Received: 16 June 2020 / Accepted: 1 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In the present work, a novel analytical procedure by integrating principal coordinate analysis (PcoA) with excitation-emission matrix fluorescence (EEMF) spectroscopy was introduced for discriminating the commercial gasoline fuels. The PcoA technique involved analysis of the distance matrices containing the dissimilarity information and it can serve as an efficient tool for capturing the major as well as subtle compositional differences among the analyzed commercial gasoline samples. The utility of the proposed PcoA assisted EEMF analytical procedure was successfully tested by discriminating gasoline fuel samples belonging to five different industrial brands. The obtained results clearly showed that combination of PcoA and EEMF could provide a simple, sensitive and economical analytical procedure to carry out the rapid analyses of the gasoline samples belonging to different brands. Keywords Principal coordinate analysis . Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy . Gasoline . Discrimination . Principal component analysis
Introduction Gasoline is a petroleum-derived product and mainly used as fuel for the internal combustion (IC) engines [1–3]. The composition of the gasoline samples apart from the refining processes are also heavily influenced by the geographical and environmental factors [1–4]. The usage of low grade or unspecified gasoline as a fuel can significantly reduce the performance as well as longevity of the IC engines [1, 2, 4]. It can also increase the emission of greenhouse gases causing the global warming [1, 2, 4, 5]. It is important that a simple, sensitive and cost effective analytical procedure must be available that could routinely be used for classifying different types of gasoline samples. * Keshav Kumar [email protected] * Digambara Patra [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
2
Present address: Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
Gasoline is essentially a mixture of alkanes (CnHn + 4, where n is usually 5–12) [6]. It also contain a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in varying concentrations [4, 7]. The PAHs have the rigid molecular framework making them highly fluorescent in nature [4, 8, 9]. The presence of PAHs allows fluorescence based analysis for the gasoline samples. Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence (EEMF) spectroscopy is multidimensional fluorescence technique that allows the simultaneous visualization of the fluorescence response of the mixture of fluorophores in a single three-dimensional plot [3, 10–12]. EEMF spectroscopy describes the variation of the emission spectral profile acquired as an increasing functi
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