Introduction to Laser Assisted Fabrication of Materials
Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser) is a coherent and monochromatic source of electromagnetic radiation that can propagate in a straight line and hence, finds diverse applications. High power lasers can perform various manufact
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Introduction to Laser-Assisted Fabrication of Materials Jyotsna Dutta Majumdar and Indranil Manna
Abstract Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser) is a coherent and monochromatic source of electromagnetic radiation that can propagate in a straight line and hence, finds diverse applications. High power lasers can perform various manufacturing operations or material processing. This contribution provides the principle of laser materials processing and an overview of the engineering application of laser material processing. The manufacturing processes covered have been broadly divided into four major categories; namely, laser assisted forming, joining, machining, and surface engineering. Followed by a brief introduction to different types of lasers and their general application, fundamentals of laser–matter interaction and classification of laser material processing have been provided. The scope and principle of an individual process is described followed by a detailed update of the literature, scientific issues, and technological innovations. The entire discussion primarily focuses on correlating the properties with processing parameters and microstructure and composition.
1.1 Introduction Laser, the acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation is a coherent and monochromatic source of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength ranging from the ultraviolet to the infrared range [1–4]. Lasers can deliver very J. D. Majumdar (B) · I. Manna Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal, India e-mail: [email protected] I. Manna Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal, India e-mail: [email protected]
J. Dutta Majumdar and I. Manna (eds.), Laser-Assisted Fabrication of Materials, Springer Series in Materials Science 161, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28359-8_1, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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J. D. Majumdar and I. Manna
low (∼ mW) to extremely high (1–100 kW) focused power with a precise spot size/dimension and spatial/temporal distribution on a given substrate through any intervening medium [1–4]. As a result, lasers have wide-ranging applications in different materials processing [5, 6]. The initial foundation of the laser theory was laid by Einstein [7]. Subsequently, Kopfermann and Ladenburg [8] presented the first experimental confirmation of Einstein’s prediction. In 1960, Maiman [9] invented the first working ruby laser for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. Subsequently, several new lasers including semiconductor lasers, Nd:YAG lasers, CO2 gas lasers, dye lasers, and other types of gas lasers were designed and fabricated with better reliability and durability. By the mid 1970s, more reliable and powerful lasers were developed for industrial applications such as cutting, welding, drilling, and melting. During the 1980s and early 1990s, lasers were successfully applied for heating, cladding, alloying, glazing, and thin film deposit
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