Introduction to Organ Fabrication
This chapter is designed to serve as an introduction to the field of xorgan fabrication. We begin by presenting a discussion on the chronic shortage of donor organs and the potential impact of bioartificial organs. We then discuss the field of organ fabri
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Introduction to Organ Fabrication 1.1
Organ Fabrication Paradigm – 3
1.2
The Organ Fabrication Pathway – 6
1.3
Case Study 1.1: Fabrication of Bioartificial Livers – 11
1.4
Case Study 1.2: Fabrication of Bioartificial Lungs – 14
1.5
Case Study 1.3: Fabrication of Bioartificial Pancreas – 17
1.6
Scientific and Technological Challenges in Organ Fabrication – 19
1.7
Bioartificial Organs as Models for Basic Research – 22
1.8
Technology Development Pathway for Organ Fabrication – 23 References – 26
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 R. Birla, Tissue Engineering for the Heart, Learning Materials in Biosciences, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41504-8_1
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Chapter 1 · Introduction to Organ Fabrication
What You Will Learn in This Chapter This chapter is designed to serve as an introduction to the field of organ fabrication. We begin by presenting a discussion on the chronic shortage of donor organs and the potential impact of bioartificial organs. We then discuss the field of organ fabrication in relation to other investigational research areas like genetic and protein engineering, cell transplantation and tissue engineering. We next describe specific steps in the organ fabrication pathway, which include cell sourcing, biomaterial synthesis, decellularization technology and bioreactor culture and conditioning. With this background in place, we describe specific examples from the literature, including fabrication of artificial liver, artificial lung and artificial pancreas. While the field of organ fabrication is promising, there are many scientific and technological challenges associated with every stage of the organ fabrication pathway. In the next section, we discuss some of these scientific and technological challenges that need to be overcome in order to move the field of organ fabrication forward. While bioartificial organs have the potential to create a significant impact in the field of organ transplantation, there are many other applications for bioartificial organs. In the next section, we describe one such potential application—the utilization of bioartificial organs as models for basic research. We conclude this chapter by describing the technology development pathway for bioartificial organs, including model development and validation studies and Phase I, Phase II and Phase III clinical trials.
Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Discuss and describe the organ fabrication paradigm. 2. Describe organ fabrication in the context of genetic engineering, protein engineering, cell transplantation and tissue engineering. 3. Describe steps in the organ fabrication pathway. 4. Provide specific examples of organ fabrication as applied to bioartificial livers, lungs and pancreas. 5. Discuss some of the scientific and technological challenges in the field of organ fabrication. 6. Describe the potential use of bioartificial organs as models for basic research. 7. Describe the technology development pathway for bioartificial organs, including mode
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