Introduction to Nanotechnology
A biological system can be exceedingly small. Many of the cells are very tiny, but they are very active; they manufacture various substances; they walk around; they wiggle; and they do all kinds of marvelous things – all on a very small scale. Also, they
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1.1
Background and Definition of Nanotechnology ...............................
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1.2
Why Nano?...........................................
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Lessons from Nature .............................
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Applications in Different Fields ..............
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1.5
Reliability Issues of MEMS/NEMS .............
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Organization of the Handbook...............
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References ..................................................
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1.1 Background and Definition of Nanotechnology On Dec. 29, 1959, at the California Institute of Technology, Nobel Laureate Richard P. Feynman gave a talk at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society that has become one of the twentieth century’s classic science lectures, titled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” [1.1]. He presented a technological vision of extreme miniaturization several years before the word “chip” became part of the lexicon. He talked about the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale. Extrapolating from known physical laws, Feynman envisioned a technology using the ultimate toolbox of nature, building nanoobjects atom by atom or molecule by molecule. Since the 1980s, many inventions and discoveries in the fabrication of nanoobjects have become a testament to his vision. In recognition of this reality, the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) of the White House created the Interagency Working Group on Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology (IWGN) in 1998. In a January 2000 speech at the same institute, former President William J. Clinton talked about the exciting promise of nanotechnology and, more generally, the importance of expanding research in nanoscale science and technology. Later that month, he announced in his State of the Union Address an ambitious $ 497 million federal, multi-agency
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) in the fiscal year 2001 budget, and made it a top science and technology priority [1.2, 3]. The objective of this initiative was to form a broad-based coalition in which academe, the private sector, and local, state, and federal governments would work together to push the envelope of nanoscience and nanoengineering to reap nanotechnology’s potential social and economic benefits. Nanotechnology literally means any technology performed on a nanoscale that has applications in the real world. Nanotechnology encompasses the production and application of physical, chemical, and biological systems at scales ranging from individual atoms or molecules to submicron dimensions, as well as the integration of the resulting nanostructures into larger systems. Nanotechnology is likely to have a profound impact on our economy and society in the early twenty-first century, comparable to that of semiconductor technology, information technology, or cellular and molecular biology. Science and technology research in nanotechnology promises breakthroughs in such areas as materials and manufacturing, nanoelectronics, medicine and healthcare, energy, biotechnology, information technology, and national secur
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