Investigating the origin and pathways of atmospheric rivers in the world
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Investigating the origin and pathways of atmospheric rivers in the world Saadoun Salimi 1 & Jalil Helali 2 & Mohammad Lotfi 3 & Hossein Momenzadeh 3 & Seyed Asaad Hosseini 4 & Ebrahim Asaadi Oskuei 5 & Alireza Izadi 3 & Zahra Yarmoradi 6 & Ismaeil Bakhshi 7 Received: 4 February 2020 / Accepted: 8 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Atmospheric rivers (ARs) play an important role in the water cycle and destructive phenomena such as floods and storms. Thus, here the origin, structure, and pathway of ARs in the world were investigated considering the importance of the issue. To this end, the daily wind vector and jet stream data of the ERA-Interim were obtained with 0.25° × 0.25° spatial resolution for 1995–2019. Satellite images of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GEOS) Water Vapor were used to examine the amount of precipitation caused by ARs. Also, graphical images were produced to study the origin, pathway, and expansion of ARs. The results indicated that jet streams play a major role in the genesis, direction, and pathway of ARs. Also, high-pressure (low-pressure) centers have a substantial role in the expansion (destination) of ARs. Regions such as west of the USA, west of southern headland of South America, northwest of Europe, the path of northeast Saudi Arabia to northeast Iran, Australia, and the distance between Japan and the east coast of Russia were the most affected regions of precipitation due to ARs. According to the results, there were seven major sources of ARs in the world, of which the most important one was located in southeast Asia. Regarding monthly distribution, January, September, and October had the highest occurrence of ARs. There was a minor difference in the number of ARs in two hemispheres. Only in the southern hemisphere did the ARs have a longer longitude. Investigating the number of occurrences of ARs indicated that in the highest state, three to four ARs were observed in the world simultaneously. Also, more than 90% of the ARs moved through the oceans.
1 Introduction In atmospheric research, understanding the complexities of water vapor and its cycles is one of the most important factors
that must be considered. In many parts of the world, precipitation is the only positive expectation people have toward the weather. The precipitation also occurs due to the moisture in the atmosphere, which is converted to precipitation through
* Saadoun Salimi [email protected]
Zahra Yarmoradi [email protected] Ismaeil Bakhshi [email protected]
Jalil Helali [email protected] Mohammad Lotfi [email protected] Hossein Momenzadeh [email protected] Seyed Asaad Hosseini [email protected]
1
Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
2
Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran
3
Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
4
Mohaqheqh Ardabili University,
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