Investigating the Tourism Originating CO2 Emissions in Top 10 Tourism-Induced Countries: Evidence from Tourism Index
Because of the structural change in the economy, it is observed that the emphasis on the service sector brings along some problems. The link between the tourism sector and environmental pollution has started to draw attention to the issues in recent years
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Investigating the Tourism Originating CO2 Emissions in Top 10 Tourism-Induced Countries: Evidence from Tourism Index Asli Ozpolat, Ferda Nakipoglu Ozsoy, and Mehmet Akif Destek Abstract Because of the structural change in the economy, it is observed that the emphasis on the service sector brings along some problems. The link between the tourism sector and environmental pollution has started to draw attention to the issues in recent years, and it reveals the need for policy-makers to take measures to prevent environmental pollution. For this purpose, the impact of economic growth, tourism index, urbanization, and energy intensity on environmental pollution has been investigated for selected 10 countries with the international tourism revenue during 1995– 2014 using first-generation panel data (MG) estimator, second-generation panel data (CCE-MG) estimator, and heterogeneous panel causality test. According to the empirical analysis, individual results indicate that the impact of tourism on environmental pollution differs in each country. While tourism increases environmental pollution in Germany, France, and Italy, where the tourism sector is the most developed, there is not any environmental pollution increasing effect in the US and Australia. In addition, according to the CCE-MG panel results, tourism, energy intensity, and per capita income increase environmental pollution. Keywords Tourism index · Environmental pollution · Energy consumption · Panel data
A. Ozpolat Department of Management and Organization, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] F. N. Ozsoy Department of International Relations, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] M. A. Destek (B) Department of Economics, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 D. Balsalobre-Lorente et al. (eds.), Strategies in Sustainable Tourism, Economic Growth and Clean Energy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59675-0_9
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9.1 Introduction The continuous increase in the negative effects of environmental pollution obliges governments worldwide to take measures that are more stringent on the environment. The fact that environmental destruction is an inevitable consequence of economic growth draws attention to the necessity to examine the relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth, especially within the scope of scale, technique, and composition effects (Grossman and Kruger 1991). The scale effect leads to the use of more natural resources to meet the increase in demand with increasing production levels, and it causes environmental destruction with increasing use of fossil fuels, which are cheaper than renewable energy sources in production (Grossman and Kruger 1991; Owusu and Asumadu 2016). Technique effect represents that economic growth has a positive effect on environmental pollution. There is an increase in funds allocated for R&D, mainly in high-in
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