Investigation of a Sensing Strategy Based on a Nucleophilic Addition Reaction for Quantitative Detection of Bisulfite (H
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SHORT COMMUNICATION
Investigation of a Sensing Strategy Based on a Nucleophilic Addition Reaction for Quantitative Detection of Bisulfite (HSO3−) Keith R. Everitt 1 & Hannah C. Schmitz 1 & Amanda Macke 2 & Jinqing Shan 1 & Eunju Jang 1 & Brandon E. Luedtke 2 & Kimberly A. Carlson 2 & Haishi Cao 1 Received: 19 May 2020 / Accepted: 30 July 2020 / Published online: 6 August 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A reaction-based sensor (NAS-1) showed a high affinity and sensitivity to HSO3- via a nucleophilic addition reaction in the aqueous media, giving dual signals from absorption and emission spectra. NAS-1 was successfully applied in RK13 epithelial cells to detect HSO3- in a cellular environment. Keywords Bisulfite . Sensor . 1,8-naphthalimide
Introduction Sulfur dioxide (SO2), long known as a pollutant and toxicant, is typically in equilibrium with sulfite (SO32−) and (bisulfite) HSO3− in aqueous solutions and in biological systems [1, 2]. In nature, SO2 is present in the atmosphere due to volcanic emissions and fossil fuel combustion, and its conversion to HSO3− poses a threat to ecosystems by inducing acid rain [3, 4]. SO2 also is considered dangerous to humans at certain concentrations. SO2 derivatives SO3− and HSO3− are found in a ratio of 3:1 m/m in physiological environments [5]. Exposure to sulfites is known to cause asthmatic and allergic reactions in humans [6, 7]. Other health issues including lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, migraines, and strokes [8–11] are also associated with SO2 inhalation and/or consumption. Neurological defects occur when sulfites disrupt thiol levels, resulting in an inhibition of redox balance [12, 13]. In addition to external sources of SO2, endogenous SO2 levels that are exceptionally high are associated with disease [5]. Furthermore, oral consumption of sulfites can lead to gastrointestinal issues [6, 7]. While it is known that sulfites have toxic characteristics, it also has been * Haishi Cao [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
2
Department of Biology, University of Nebraska, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
determined that sulfites may have beneficial effects on the body at certain concentrations. The vasodilating and antiatherogenic effects of SO2, SO3−, and HSO3− can fight hypertension [2]. SO2 has been considered a gasotransmitter, in addition to the three standing gasotransmitters: nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide [4]. The physiological roles of endogenous SO3− and HSO3− include maintaining the body’s sulphur levels, working as cardiovascular messengers, and regulating lipid metabolism and insulin levels [12]. Moreover, bisulfite has been widely used in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals as a preservative due to its antimicrobial and anti-oxidant properties, which prevent browning and bacterial growth [14, 15]. However, due to its potential negative side effects, bisulfite levels in food are often limited [15]. The Joint FAO/WHO
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