Investigation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of abamectin pesticide in Allium cepa L.
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Investigation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of abamectin pesticide in Allium cepa L. Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar 1 Received: 28 May 2020 / Accepted: 1 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The present study was conducted to investigate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by abamectin pesticide in Allium cepa L. bulbs. Following 72-h exposure to different doses (0.025 ml/L, 0.050 ml/L, and 0.100 ml/L) of abamectin, growth level, micronuclei abundance, mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, malondialdehyde content, meristematic cell damages, and total activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were explored. The results revealed that all concentrations of abamectin were capable of inducing significant and dose-dependent changes in all parameters. Increasing doses of abamectin caused remarkable decreases in germination ratio, weight gain, and root elongation. Due to abamectin-induced genotoxicity, the mitotic index declined, while chromosomal abnormalities listed as micronucleus, fragment, sticky chromosome, unequal distribution of chromatin, bridge, vacuole nucleus, nucleus damage, and multipolar anaphase. Depending on the oxidative stress caused by abamectin administration, the total activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes increased significantly along with the malondialdehyde content. Indistinct transmission tissue, epidermis cell deformation and flattened cell nucleus were the meristematic cell damages in pesticide-applied groups. Findings of the present study revealed that abamectin is a risky pesticide with a variety of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in non-targeted organisms. A. cepa is a promising material for biomonitoring the toxicity of abamectin. Keywords Abamectin . Allium cepa L. . Antioxidant enzymes . Genotoxicity . Growth . Lipid peroxidation . Micronucleus
Introduction Synthetic and natural pesticides have been used to limit the damage of pest, weed, and plant diseases in agricultural fields for decades (Sharma et al. 2019). A qualified and abundant agricultural food production can be achieved owing to a wide range of pesticides (Mahabali and Spanoghe 2015). However, excessive usage of persistent pesticides is risky because of their tendency to accumulate in natural habitats including soil, water, and air. Pesticides and pesticide residues, inevitably transferred to non-targeted organisms via food chains and other ways, harm the normal cell functioning (Doganlar et al. 2018; He et al. 2020).
Responsible Editor: Gangrong Shi * Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar [email protected] 1
Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Technology, Giresun University, 28400 Giresun, Turkey
Abamectin, a macrocyclic lactone, is one of the most used avermectins which are obtained from a strain of the soil microorganism Streptomyces avermitilis (Siddique et al. 2013). The first use of abamectin dates back to 1990s (Siqueira et al. 2001). It originally occurs as a combination of Avermectin B1a (80%) and B1b (20%) (F
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