Investigation of DDT resistance mechanisms in Anopheles funestus populations from northern and southern Benin reveals a
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Malaria Journal Open Access
RESEARCH
Investigation of DDT resistance mechanisms in Anopheles funestus populations from northern and southern Benin reveals a key role of the GSTe2 gene Genevieve M. Tchigossou1,2, Seun M. Atoyebi3, Romaric Akoton1,2, Eric Tossou1,2, Djegbe Innocent4, Jacob Riveron5, Helen Irving5, Akadiri Yessoufou1, Charles Wondji5,6 and Rousseau Djouaka1*
Abstract Background: Understanding the molecular basis of insecticide resistance in mosquito, such as Anopheles funestus, is an important step in developing strategies to mitigate the resistance problem. This study aims to assess the role of the GSTe2 gene in DDT resistance and determine the genetic diversity of this gene in An. funestus. Methods: Gene expression analysis was performed using microarrays and PCR while the potential mutation associated with resistance was determined using sequencing. Results: Low expression level of GSTe2 gene was recorded in Burkina-Faso samples with a fold change of 3.3 while high expression (FC 35.6) was recorded in southern Benin in Pahou (FC 35.6) and Kpome (FC 13.3). The sequencing of GSTe2 gene in six localities showed that L119F-GSTe2 mutation is almost getting fixed in highly DDT-resistant Benin (Pahou, Kpome, Doukonta) and Nigeria (Akaka Remo) mosquitoes with a low mutation rate observed in Tanongou (Benin) and Burkina-Faso mosquitoes. Conclusion: This study shows the key role of the GSTe2 gene in DDT resistant An. funestus in Benin. Polymorphism analysis of this gene across Benin revealed possible barriers to gene flow, which could impact the design and implementation of resistance management strategies in the country. Keywords: Anopheles funestus, Mechanism of resistance, DDT, GSTe2, Benin Background Malaria remains the most severe infectious disease and a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa [1]. The mortality and the loss of productivity due to the illness, has devastating effects on cognitive development in children surviving the disease, leaving many disabled for life [2]. Since the discovery of the connection between Anopheles vectors and malarial transmission in 1897, *Correspondence: [email protected] 1 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
vector control strategies have been the most widely used malarial control measures [3]. These measures (based on insecticide use) are insecticide treated bed-nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), both of which have been shown to be effective for reducing malaria prevalence in Africa [4]. One of the insecticides of choice for IRS is DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane) because of its high insecticidal activity, low acute mammalian toxicity, wide spectrum use, low price, and long duration of activity. The availability of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and other insecticides in the 1940s marked a new
© The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, wh
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