Investigation of phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging underestimation of turbulent flow through the aortic valve ph
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Investigation of phase‑contrast magnetic resonance imaging underestimation of turbulent flow through the aortic valve phantom: experimental and computational study using lattice Boltzmann method Radek Fučík1 · Radek Galabov1,2 · Petr Pauš1 · Pavel Eichler1 · Jakub Klinkovský1 · Robert Straka1,3 · Jaroslav Tintěra2 · Radomír Chabiniok1,4,5,6,7 Received: 27 November 2019 / Revised: 20 January 2020 / Accepted: 8 February 2020 © European Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine and Biology (ESMRMB) 2020
Abstract Objective The accuracy of phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) measurement is investigated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with the objective to determine the magnitude of the flow underestimation due to turbulence behind a narrowed valve in a phantom experiment. Materials and methods An acrylic stationary flow phantom is used with three insertable plates mimicking aortic valvular stenoses of varying degrees. Positive and negative horizontal fluxes are measured at equidistant slices using standard PC-MRI sequences by 1.5T and 3T systems. The CFD model is based on the 3D lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The experimental and simulated data are compared using the Bland-Altman-derived limits of agreement. Based on the LBM results, the turbulence is quantified and confronted with the level of flow underestimation. Results LBM gives comparable results to PC-MRI for valves up to moderate stenosis on both field strengths. The flow magnitude through a severely stenotic valve was underestimated due to signal void in the regions of turbulent flow behind the valve, consistently with the level of quantified turbulence intensity. Discussion Flow measured by PC-MRI is affected by noise and turbulence. LBM can simulate turbulent flow efficiently and accurately, it has therefore the potential to improve clinical interpretation of PC-MRI. Keywords Phase-contrast MRI · Flow phantom · Computational fluid dynamics · Lattice Boltzmann method · Aortic valve stenosis
Introduction The quantitative assessment of valvular diseases—assessing the level of stenosis or regurgitation—represents the most frequent application of phase-contrast magnetic resonance * Radek Fučík [email protected] 1
imaging (PC-MRI) [29]. Even though echocardiography is usually the method of choice, there exist situations where the results are inconclusive or the patients’ hearts are not sufficiently accessible by ultrasonography. In these cases the PCMRI contributes to the diagnosis [11]. The underestimation 4
Inria, Palaiseau, France
5
LMS, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France
Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Trojanova 13, 120 00 Praha 2 Prague, Czech Republic
6
Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (BMEIS), St Thomas’ Hospital, King’s College London, London, UK
7
Division of Pediatric Cardiology,
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