Investigation of the sooting propensity of aviation fuel mixtures
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Investigation of the sooting propensity of aviation fuel mixtures S. Richter1 · T. Kathrotia1 · C. Naumann1 · S. Scheuermann2 · U. Riedel1 Received: 25 March 2020 / Revised: 15 September 2020 / Accepted: 31 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Aromatic compounds occurring naturally in jet fuels are precursors for the formation of soot in the exhaust gas of jet engines. Directly emitted in cruising altitude, soot particles lead to the formation of contrails and clouds influencing the radiation balance of the atmosphere. Hence, a detailed knowledge on the effect of aromatics on the sooting behavior is of great importance, especially for the development of alternative synthetic jet fuels. Investigations on the sooting propensity influenced by the molecular structure and concentration of diverse aromatic compounds contained in synthetic and fossil aviation fuels as well as blends of synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) with aromatic compounds (SKA) were carried out experimentally. Using a predefined SPK fuel, five different blends—each containing a single aromatic compound—were prepared in addition to one blend with a typical composition consisting of all these aromatic compounds. In subsequent measurements, the concentration of the aromatics was increased from initially 8.0 vol%, to about 16.5, and 25.0 vol%. The aromatics added were toluene, n-propylbenzene, indane, 1methylnaphthalene, and biphenyl. The studied jet fuels include fossil-based Jet A-1 as well as different synthetic jet fuels (with and without aromatics). Furthermore, the experimental results of the sooting propensity are compared with the results of the hydrogen deficiency model being a measure for the amount of cyclic and unsaturated molecular structures occurring in a hydrocarbon fuel. This study shows the hydrogen deficiency as a useful tool to make predictions about the sooting behavior of different fuels compared to a reference fuel at a specified condition. Additionally, it is observed from the measured sooting propensities as well as from the model predictions of hydrogen deficiency that the structure of aromatic compounds presents greater influence on the soot formation than the aromatic concentration. Keywords Aviation fuel · Alternative fuels · Sooting behavior · Hydrogen deficiency · Aromatics · Emissions
1 Introduction The combustion of a fuel in a jet engine of an aircraft in cruising altitude is connected with the direct emissions of different pollutants such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and soot particles in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Here, the soot particles act as nuclei for the condensation of water vapor leading to contrails and cloud formation, which eventually influences the radiation balance of the earth’s atmosphere
* S. Richter [email protected] 1
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology, Pfaffenwaldring 38‑40, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
Bundeswehr Research Institute for Materials, Fuels and Lubrican
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