Involvement of Noncoding RNAs in Stress-Related Neuropsychiatric Diseases Caused by DOHaD Theory
According to the DOHaD theory, low birth weight is a risk factor for various noncommunicable chronic diseases that develop later in life. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, and lncRNAs, are functional RNA molecules that are transcr
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words
According to the DOHaD theory, low birth weight is a risk factor for various noncommunicable chronic diseases that develop later in life. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, and lncRNAs, are functional RNA molecules that are transcribed from DNA but that are not translated into proteins. In general, miRNAs, siRNAs, and piRNAs function to regulate gene expression at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Studying ncRNAs has provided opportunities for new diagnosis and therapeutic knowledge in the endocrinological and metabolic fields as well as cancer biology. In this review, we focus on the roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs in the pathophysiology of stress- related neuropsychiatric diseases, which show abnormal blood hormone levels due to loss of feedback control and/or decreased sensitivity. Numerous recent studies have begun to unveil the importance of ncRNAs in regulation of stress-related hormone levels and functions. We summarize the involvement of abnormal ncRNA expression in the development of stress-related neuropsychiatric diseases based on the DOHaD theory.
Fetal malnutrition · Low birth weight · HPA axis · Stress · ncRNA · miRNA · lncRNA
Abbreviations ACTH Adrenocorticotropin ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder CeA Central nucleus of the amygdala CRF Corticotropin-releasing factor CRF-R CRF receptor GR Glucocorticoid receptor GRE Glucocorticoid-responsive element HFD High-fat diet HPA Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal lncRNA Long noncoding RNA miRNA microRNA ncRNA Noncoding RNA POMC Proopiomelanocortin PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder PVN Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus UTR Untranslated region
T. Nemoto (*) · Y. Kakinuma Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 T. Kubota, H. Fukuoka (eds.), Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD), Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1012, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5526-3_6
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Introduction
(ACTH) in the pituitary gland, and cortisol in the adrenal cortex and is regulated by diurnal rhythm Developmental origins of health and disease and feedback [10, 11]. Glucocorticoid is a steroid (DOHaD) is the concept in which environmental hormone synthesized from cholesterol. The main factors such as maternal malnutrition, stress, and glucocorticoid in humans is cortisol, but mice a deviant lifestyle during development could and rats produce corticosterone as the main glupotentially affect a person’s health and increase cocorticoid because the synthesis route of steroid the risks of various diseases later in life [1–4]. hormones is different in rodents compared to Several epidemiological studies have revealed humans. Adrenaline from the adrenal medulla that malnutrition and stress during fetal develop- and cortisol from the adrenal cortex raise blood ment cause low birth weight, which is a risk fac- pressure and blood sugar and induce a stress tor for noncommunicable
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