Ionic Polymer Conductor Nano-Composites as Distributed Nanosensors, Nanoactuators and Artificial Muscles - A Review
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Ionic Polymer Conductor Nano-Composites as Distributed Nanosensors, Nanoactuators and Artificial Muscles - A Review Mohsen Shahinpoor Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico, 1 University Blvd., Albuquerque, NM, 87131
ABSTRACT Basic recent results, properties and characteristics of ionic polymer conductor nanocomposites (IPCNC) as biomimetic distributed nanosensors, nanoactuators and artificial muscles are briefly discussed in this paper. Some fundamental considerations on biomimetic distributed nanosensing and nanoactuation are first presented and then expanded to cover some recent advances in manufacturing techniques, force optimization, 3-D fabrication of IPMC’s, recent modeling and simulations, sensing and transduction and product development. This paper also covers some recent industrial and medical applications including a multi-fingered grippers (macro, micro, nano), biomimetic robotic fish and caudal fin actuators, diaphragm micropump, multi-string musical instruments, linear actuators made with IPMNC’s, IPMNC-based data glove and attire, IPMNC-based heart compression/assist devices and systems, wing flapping flying system made with IPMNC’s and a host of others. INTRODUCTION Recent findings on ionic polymer conductor nano-composites (IPCNC’s) as biomimetic distributed nanosensors, nanoactuators and artificial muscles and electrically controllable polymeric network structures have been presented recently in references [1-5]. Furthermore, in reference [1], methods of fabrication of several electrically and chemically active ionic polymeric gel muscles such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic) acid (PAMPS), and polyacrylic-acid-bis-acrylamide (PAAM) as well as a new class of electrically active composite muscle such as Ionic Polymeric Conductor Composites (IPCC’s) or Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC’s) made with perfluorinated sulfonic or carboxylic ionic membranes are introduced and investigated. Furthermore fabrication methods of PAN fiber muscles in different configurations such as spring-loaded fiber bundles, biceps, triceps, ribbon type muscles, and segmented fiber bundles to make a variety of biomimetic sensors and actuators are also reported in [1]. Theories and numerical simulations associated with ionic polymer gels electrodynamics and chemodynamics are also discussed, analyzed and modeled for the manufactured material. In this paper we concentrate on perfluorinated sulfonic ionic multi-functional materials, as potentially powerful ionic polymers for biomimetic distributed nanosensing, nanoactuation, nanorobotics, nanotransducers for power conversion and harvesting, as well as artificial muscles for medical and industrial applications.It must be noted that widespread electrochemical processes and devices utilize poly(perfluorosulfonic acid) ionic polymers. These materials exhibit [1]-[5], good chemical stability, remarkable mechanical strength, good thermal stability, and high electrical conductivity when sufficiently hydrated and made into a nano-
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