Ionospheric Effects of Solar Flares
Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances resulting from an interaction of the Solar Flare radiation with the constituents of the upper atmosphere constitute one of the three major aspects of ground level monitoring of solar flares -the other two being optical obse
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ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY A SERIES OF BOOKS ON THE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF SPACE SCIENCE AND OF GENERAL GEOPHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS PUBLISHED IN CONNECTION WITH THE JOURNAL SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS
Editorial Board J. E.
BLAMONT,
Laboratoire d'Aeronomie, Verrieres, France
R. L. F. BOYD, University Col/ege, London, England L. GOLDBERG, Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, Ariz., U.S.A.
C. DE JAGER, University
0/ Utrecht,
Holland
Z. KOPAL, University 0/ Manchester, Manchester, England G. H.
LUDWIG,
NOAA, Nationol Environmental Satellite Service, Suitland, Md., U.S.A.
R. LOST, Institut/iir Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching-Miinchen, Germany B. M. MCCORMAC,
Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, Palo Alto, Calif., U.S.A.
H. E. NEWELL, NASA, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. L. I. SEDOV, Academy 0/ Sciences o/the U.S.S.R., Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Z. SVESTKA, American Science and Engineering, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.
Secretary of the Editorial Board
w. DE GRAAFF, Sterrewacht 'Sonnenborgh', University 0/ Utrecht, Utrecht, Holland
VOLUME 46
A.P. MITRA Radio Science Division, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi-l2, India
IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS OF SOLAR FLARES
D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY DORDRECHT-HOLLAND / BOSTON-U.S.A.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74-76480 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-2233-0
e-ISBN-13: 978-94-010-2231-6
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-010-2231-6
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P.O. Box 17, Dordrecht, Holland Sold and distributed in the U.S.A., Canada and Mexico by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Inc. 306 Dartmouth Street, Boston, Mass. 02116, U.S.A.
All Rights Reserved Copyright © 1974 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1974 No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
IX
CHAPTER 1/ INTRODUCTION
1
CHAPTER 2/ DESCRIPTION OF SID TECHNIQUES AND OBSERVATIONS
8
2.1. The Sudden Enhancement of Atmospherics (SEAs) 2.2. Sudden Enhancement of Signal Strengths (SES), Sudden Field Anomalies (SFA) 2.3. Sudden Phase Anomalies (SPA) 2.4. Short Wave Fadeouts (SWF) 2.5. Sudden Cosmic Noise Absorption (SCNA) 2.6. Sudden Increase of fmin (SIF) 2.7. Flare Effects Observed with Pulsed Transmitters 2.8. Sudden Frequency Deviations 2.9. Wave Interaction Technique 2.10. Partial Reflection Observations 2.11. Satellite Radio Beacon Experiment - Changes in Total Electron Content (SITEC) 2.12. Incoherent-Scatter Technique 2.13. Rocket Soundings 2.14. A Comparative Evaluation of Electron Density Profile Errors CHAPTER 3/ FLARE RADIATIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS
3.1. Quiet-Day Solar Flux in the EUV and X-Ray Regions 3.2. Flaretime Enhancements in XUV Fluxes 3.3. X-Ray Spectral Development 3.3.1. The Equivalent Spectrum 3.3.2. The Composite Spectrum 3.3.3. Spectral Development Based on Free-Free (Bremsstrahlung) and Radiative Recombination Transitions 3.4. Photoelectrons During Flares CHAPTER 4/ S
