Italian Version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II): Dimensionality, Reliability, Convergent and Crit
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Italian Version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II): Dimensionality, Reliability, Convergent and Criterion Validity Tiziana Pennato & Carmen Berrocal & Olivia Bernini & Teresa Rivas
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract This study focused on the validation of the Italian version of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II, Bond et al. Behavior Therapy 42:676–688, 2011). This measure was developed to address the need for an improved measure of psychological inflexibility. The participants were 255 adults (77 males and 178 females, mean age of 31.9 years, SD=13.7) from the general population. The results of Principal Axis Factor analyses supported a unidimensional structure of AAQ-II scores. The one-factor solution accounted for 42 % of the variance. Internal consistency was high (.83), and test-retest reliability over a 12-month period was modest (.61). Higher AAQ-II scores significantly related to anxiety and depression, and to lower psychological well-being, supporting the concurrent validity of the scale. Correlations with measures of conceptually related constructs also supported the convergent validity of the scale. Furthermore, psychological inflexibility significantly predicted important outcome measures beyond conceptually related constructs. The results of this study suggest that the Italian version of the AAQ-II is a reliable and valid measure of psychological inflexibility, and that the 7-item version of the scale features improved psychometric properties over previous versions of the questionnaire. T. Pennato (*) : C. Berrocal : O. Bernini Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnologies, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy e-mail: [email protected] C. Berrocal e-mail: [email protected] O. Bernini e-mail: [email protected] T. Rivas Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Psychological Inflexibility . Experiential Avoidance . ACT . Psychological assessment . Psychometric properties
Psychological inflexibility has been proposed as a key process in the aetiology and maintenance of psychopathology (Hayes et al. 2004a; Hayes et al. 2006). Findings from various reviews in the field indicate that inflexibility negatively relates to quality of life, perceived health, and positive emotional experiences, while it positively relates to a wide range of negative outcome measures (e.g., depression, anxiety, social phobia, agoraphobia, blood/injury phobia, trichotillomania, substance abuse, job induced tension, worries or pain) (Barnes-Holmes et al. 2004; Chawla and Ostafin 2007; Fledderus et al. 2010; Gaudiano 2011; Hayes et al. 2006; Öst 2008; Pull 2008; Ruiz 2010). Moreover, experimental research as well as clinical trials suggest that inflexibility is a pathogenic process through which emotionally and physically distressing stimuli, as well as several self-regulatory strategies (e.g., coping)
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