Jackson Heart Study: A Perspective at Ten Years
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CLINICAL TRIAL REPORT
Jackson Heart Study: A Perspective at Ten Years Michael G. Knight & Anne E. Sumner
Published online: 12 March 2011 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC (outside the USA) 2011
Taylor HA Jr, Wilson JG, Jones DW, Sarpong DF, Srinivasan A, Garrison RJ, et al.; Toward resolution of cardiovascular health disparities in African Americans: design and methods of the Jackson Heart Study. Ethn Dis 2005 Autumn, 15(4 Suppl 6):S6–4–17. Rating: ••Of major importance Introduction: The Jackson Heart Study was established with the goal of reversing the epidemic of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in African Americans. CVD, encompassing both heart disease and stroke, is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States, and the CVD rate is higher in African Americans than whites. The prevalence of CVD is 45% in African American men, 47% in African American women, 38% in white men, and 34% in white women [1]. The disproportionately high rate of CVD in African Americans occurs even when socioeconomic and health insurance status are similar [2, 3]. To elucidate the reasons for the high CVD rate in African Americans, The Jackson Heart Study, modeled after the landmark Framingham Heart Study, was established. In 1948, the Framingham Heart Study began in Framingham, MA with the random enrollment of two thirds of the residents in this eastern Massachusetts town. The original cohort consisted of 5,209 men and women. More than 98% of M. G. Knight : A. E. Sumner Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch of NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA A. E. Sumner (*) DEOB, NIDDK, NIH Bld 10-CRC, Rm 6–5940, MSC 1612, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892–1612, USA e-mail: [email protected]
the participants were white. The cohort was evaluated prospectively, and subsequent generations were added: the Offspring cohort in 1971 and the Third Generation cohort in 2002 (http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org). From this extensive, prospective, multigenerational database, clear and convincing evidence of the dangers of high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and smoking were established. Therefore, data from the Framingham Heart Study has had a significant impact on health and environmental policy in the United States. In addition, using the original and offspring cohorts, a risk score for the prediction of CVD has been established and is known as the Framingham Risk Score [4]. Yet, even with the Framingham Risk Score, CVD mortality remains significantly higher in African Americans than whites. Hence, the need for a longitudinal study of CVD specifically focused on African Americans is clear. To evaluate the epidemiology and pathophysiology of cardiovascular risk and disease in African Americans, the Jackson Heart Study began in 2000 in Jackson, MS. For several reasons, Jackson was an ideal location for a prospective study of CVD risk in African Americans. Mississippi has the highest rate of CVD in the nation [1]. Additionally, the African American community in Jackson was familiar with participation in prospecti
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