Juglone induced oxidative and genotoxic stress in the model insect Galleria mellonella L. (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera)
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Juglone induced oxidative and genotoxic stress in the model insect Galleria mellonella L. (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) Hülya Altuntaş 1
&
Emine Duman 2 & Gözde Kılıç 1
Received: 16 September 2019 / Accepted: 8 January 2020 # African Association of Insect Scientists 2020
Abstract Juglone is a secondary metabolite naturally synthesized in leaves and green husks of the walnut plant species. It is an important phytochemical compound which has an insecticidal potential on the model insect Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth). Here, we aimed to investigate oxidative and genotoxic stress changes induced by juglone in G. mellonella larvae. In all assays, lethal concentrations (LC10: 0.5 mg; LC30: 1.5 mg; LC50: 2.3 mg) of juglone were directly incorporated into the 2 g diet of the first instar larvae of G. mellonella. Tissue homogenates of the last instars exposed to juglone were used to test for antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione-S transferase, glutathione peroxidases, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) and the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA). Comet and Micronucleus assays were used to determine the genotoxic effects of juglone on the larvae. Juglone expressed changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and induced lipid peroxidation in a concentration-dependent manner. Significant DNA and chromosome damage occurred in the genome of the insect hemocytes. Increase in MDA levels and DNA damage indicate that juglone-dependent oxidative stress occurred in the larval body. Hence, juglone has concentration-dependent ecotoxic and genotoxic effects on the storage pest and model organism, G. mellonella. Keywords Juglone . Galleria mellonella . Oxidative stress . Genotoxicity . Ecotoxicology . Model insect
Introduction The uncontrolled and high dose application of insecticides in agriculture and apiculture has long been a major important problem which adversely affects human and animal health, and in turn, causes the deterioration of the ecological balance. Recently, eco-friendly biopesticides or plant-based chemicalrelated research has come into prominence for pest control in integrated pest management (IPM) programs, which use a combination of pest management tools to reduce the negative effects caused by synthetic chemicals. Plant-based insecticides are gaining more importance in ecotoxicological investigations which, to date, have only evaluated the mode of action of various insecticides in respect to their biochemical and physiological effects at a basic level. Various studies * Hülya Altuntaş [email protected] 1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Technical University, Yunus Emre Campus, 26470 Tepebaşı, Eskişehir, Turkey
2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
related to important secondary metabolites that have been evaluated among phytochemicals (such as alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids and naphtoquinones) manifested their insecticidal, antifeedant or repellent effects in insects (Piskorski and Dorn 2011; Sá
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