(K,Na)NbO 3 -based piezoelectric single crystals: Growth methods, properties, and applications
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(K,Na)NbO3-based piezoelectric single crystals: Growth methods, properties, and applications Jurij Koruza1,a)
, Hairui Liu2, Marion Höfling1, Mao-Hua Zhang1, Philippe Veber3
1
Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA 3 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, Villeurbanne 69622, France a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] This paper has been selected as an Invited Feature Paper. 2
Received: 22 October 2019; accepted: 3 December 2019
Piezoelectric single crystals based on the perovskite ferroelectric system (K,Na)NbO3 have been widely investigated over the past 20 years due to large piezoelectric coefficients, high transition temperatures, low density, and the nontoxic chemical composition. Various crystal growth methods were examined, including high-temperature solution growth, solid-state crystal growth, Bridgman–Stockbarger method, and the floating zone method. Increased understanding of the crystal growth process and post-growth treatments resulted in improved crystal quality and larger sizes. Recently, crystals with high piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling coefficients exceeding 1000 pC/N and 0.90, respectively, were reported. Moreover, their large potential for high-frequency ultrasonic medical imaging was demonstrated. This work provides a review of the development of piezoelectric (K,Na)NbO3-based single crystals, including their growth, defect chemistry, domain structures, electromechanical properties, and applications. Approaches for reducing growth defects, controlling point defects, and domain engineering are discussed. The remaining open issues are presented and an outlook on the future is provided. Jurij Koruza obtained his Ph.D. in Nanosciences and Nanotechnology at the Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia, in 2013. In his Ph.D. work, he investigated the sintering and phase transitions of lead-free piezoelectrics based on alkaline niobates. In 2013, he joined the Department of Materials Science at the Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, as a postdoctoral fellow working on electromechanical characterization of ferroelectrics. Since 2015, he holds the position of the Junior leader of the group “Processing of ferroelectrics,” within the group of Professor Jürgen Rödel in Darmstadt.
Jurij Koruza
Main goals of his research are the investigation of novel materials for electronic applications, development of new measurement methods for establishing the microstructure–property relationships, and investigation of basic physical mechanisms that define the functional properties of electroceramics. His recent projects focused on the research of the processing of alkaline niobates and alkaline bismuth titanates, growth and characterization of potassium–sodium–niobate based single crystals, study of the polarization switching dynamics, and the
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