Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and Management 11th European Wor
Past, Present, and Future of Knowledge Acquisition This book contains the proceedings of the 11th European Workshop on Kno- edge Acquisition, Modeling, and Management (EKAW ’99), held at Dagstuhl Castle (Germany) in May of 1999. This continuity and the hi
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science Edited by G. Goos, J. Hartmanis and J. van Leeuwen
1621
3 Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo
Dieter Fensel Rudi Studer (Eds.)
Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and Management 11th European Workshop, EKAW’99 Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, May 26-29, 1999 Proceedings
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Series Editors Jaime G. Carbonell, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA J¨org Siekmann, University of Saarland, Saarbr¨ucken, Germany Volume Editors Dieter Fensel Rudi Studer University of Karlsruhe, AIFB Institute for Applied Computer Science and Formal Description Methods D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany E-mail: {dieter.fensel, studer}@aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de
Cataloging-in-Publication data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Knowledge acquisition, modeling and management : 11th European workshop ; proceedings / EKAW’99, Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, May 26 - 29, 1999. Dieter Fensel ; Rudi Studer (ed.). Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York ; Barcelona ; Hong Kong ; London ; Milan ; Paris ; Singapore ; Tokyo : Springer, 1999 (Lecture notes in computer science ; Vol. 1621 : Lecture notes in artificial intelligence) ISBN 3-540-66044-5
CR Subject Classification (1998): I.2 ISBN 3-540-66044-5 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999 Printed in Germany Typesetting: Camera-ready by author SPIN 10705262 06/3142 – 5 4 3 2 1 0
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Preface Past, Present, and Future of Knowledge Acquisition This book contains the proceedings of the 11th European Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling, and Management (EKAW ’99), held at Dagstuhl Castle (Germany) in May of 1999. This continuity and the high number of submissions reflect the mature status of the knowledge acquisition community. Knowledge Acquisition started as an attempt to solve the main bottleneck in developing expert systems (now called knowledge-based systems): Acquiring knowledge from a human expert. Various methods and tools have been developed to improve this process. These approaches significantly reduced the cost of developing knowledge-based systems. However, these systems often only partially fulfilled the task they were developed for and maintenance remained an unsolved problem. This required a paradigm shift that views the development process of knowledge-based systems as a modeling activity. Instead of simply transferring human knowledge into machine-
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