Krill-Parasite Interactions
We review all the available, worldwide reports of epibionts and parasites of species of the Order Euphausiacea published between 1885 and 2015 (126 publications, 346 records). We add our own observations carried out on euphausiids from waters off Oregon (
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Krill-Parasite Interactions
2.1
Krill–Parasite Interaction Is Multispecific and Highly Complex
Expanding on the recent review of the diseases and parasites of Nyctiphanes simplex (Go´mez-Gutie´rrez et al. 2010) and E. superba (Go´mez-Gutie´rrez and ´ vila 2016), we review all the available, worldwide reports of epibionts Morales-A and parasites of species of the Order Euphausiacea published between 1885 and 2017 (128 publications, including about 248 records). We add our own observations carried out on euphausiids waters off from Oregon (USA), Tasmania (Australia), Concepcio´n (Chile), the Pacific coast of Mexico, the Gulf of California and the Gulf of Mexico. All this information provides us a relatively broad and coherent perspective about the diversity, prevalence patterns, intensity, parasite–host size ratios, and availability of microhabitats for parasites on and inside euphausiid bodies, as well as the association of parasitism with the host reproductive strategies. A good understanding emerges of parasite–host co-evolution (Figs. 2.1a, b and 2.2a, b). Currently, there are 18 different types of epibionts, pathogens, parasites, and parasitoids infecting krill (107 known taxa reported from 49 of the 86 extant species of the Order Euphausiacea) (Fig. 2.1a, b). Euphausiids and their symbionts have co-evolved to a point at which parasites (1) affect almost all stages of the life cycle of euphausiids (except for the early larvae, nauplius-to-metanauplius stages); (2) increase in diversity, prevalence, and parasitic intensity with euphausiid age, a direct association of known parasitic diversity with krill size (Table 2.1); (3) that epibionts and ectoparasites generally do not affect the fitness of their hosts; but (4) several pathogens, mesoparasites, and endoparasites can decrease the host fitness to zero by castration (i.e., Ellobiopsidae and several helminth worms) or death (parasitoid dinoflagellates and apostome ciliates of the genus Pseudocollinia); (5) do not transmit vertically from parent to offspring (no evidence exists that a pathogen or parasite developing in the gonad infects the embryo during the embryonic development process) and all © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 J. Go´mez-Gutie´rrez et al., Global Diversity and Ecological Function of Parasites of Euphausiids, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41055-5_2
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Epibionts
Krill-Parasite Interactions
a
Micropredators Exuviotrophic ectoparasites Hyperparasites Opportunistic parasites Opportunistic pathogens Trophically transmitted parasites
Trophically transmitted castrators Castrators Parasitoids Bacillariophyta Ciliophora (Suctoria) Ciliophora (exuviotrophic) Ciliophora (hyperparasitic) Bacteria (chitinoclastic) Bacteria Fungi Apicomplexa Isopoda Dajidae Rhizocephala Ellobiopsidae Cestoda Trematoda Nematoda Acanthocephala Dinoflagellata (parasitoids) Ciliophora (parasitoids)
b
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10 20 30 40 Number of krill species
Fig. 2.1 Worldwide meta-analysis of the number of euphausiid species known to interact with each type of (a) tro
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