Kristian Birkeland The First Space Scientist
At the beginning of the 20th century Kristian Birkeland (1867-1917), a Norwegian scientist of insatiable curiosity, addressed questions that had vexed European scientists for centuries. Why do the northern lights appear overhead when the Earth’s magnetic
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ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY
KRISTIAN BIRKELAND The First Space Scientist ALV EGELAND WILLIAM J. BURKE
KRISTIAN BIRKELAND
ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY VOLUME 325 V
EDITORIAL BOARD Chairman W.B. BURTON, National Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A. ([email protected]); University of Leiden, The Netherlands ([email protected]) Executive Committe J. M. E. KUIJPERS, F Faculty of Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands E. P. J. VAN DEN HEUVEL, Astronomical Institute, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands H. VAN DER LAAN, Astronomical Institute, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
MEMBERS I. APPENZELLER, Landessternwarte Heidelberg-K¨ Konigstuhl, Germany K¨ J. N. BAHCALL, The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, U.S.A. F. BERTOLA, Universit´ ta di Padova, t´ P Italy J. P. CASSINELLI, University of Wisconsin, Madison, U.S.A. C. J. CESSARSKY, Centre d’Etudes de Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France O. ENGVOLD, Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Norway R. MCCRAY, University of Colorado, JILA, Boulder, U.S.A. P. G. MURDIN, Institute of Astronomy Cambridge, U.K. F. PACINI, Istituto Astronomia Arcetri, Firenze, Italy V. RADHKRISHNAN, Raman Research Institute, Banglore, India K. SATO, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan F. H. SHU, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A. B. V. SOMOV, Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Russia R. A. SUNYAEV, Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia Y. TAN ANAKA, Institute of Space & Astronautical Science, Kanagawa, Japan S. TREMAINE, CITA, Princeton University, U.S.A. N. O. WEISS, University of Cambridge, U.K.
KRISTIAN BIRKELAND The First Space Scientist
by
ALV EGELAND University of Oslo, Norway
and
WILLIAM J. BURKE Air Force Research Laboratory, USA
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 1-4020-3293-5 (HB) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York ISBN-10 1-4020-3294-3 (e-book) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3293-6 (HB) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3294-3 (e-book) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Published by Springer P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Printed on acid-free paper
Caption to Front Plate: Professor Kristian Birkeland with his left hand resting on an electric discharge tube of the high-voltage device used in 1896 to generate artificial auroral displays in his laboratory. Asta Nørregaard (1853–1933) painted this portrait in 1906 (100 × 83 cm). All Rights Reserved C 2005 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in
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