Label free Impedimetric Immunosensor for effective bladder Cancer detection in clinical urine samples
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Label free Impedimetric Immunosensor for effective bladder Cancer detection in clinical urine samples Muhammad Omar Shaikh 1 & Ting-Chi Huang 2 & Ting-Feng Wu 3 & Cheng-Hsin Chuang 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Galectin-1 protein has been recently recognized as a valuable urinary biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of bladder cancer. Herein, we present a sensitive and specific impedimetric immunosensor for the quantitative and label free detection of Galectin-1 protein in clinical urine samples. The immunosensor consists of nine gold interdigitated microelectrodes (3 × 3 array), which can simultaneously monitor multiple immunoreactions by analyzing the normalized impedance variations at each microelectrode during immunosensing. To obtain enhanced sensitivities, we have utilized Galectin-1/Al2O3 nanoprobes (Galectin-1 antibody conjugated to alumina nanoparticles) that can be selectively trapped on the microelectrode surface using positive dielectrophoresis (p-DEP). Preliminary studies highlight the feasibility of the proposed immunosensor for Gal −1 detection in T24 cell lysate spiked phosphate buffer saline and artificial urine samples with a limit of detection that is estimated to be in the pg/ ml range. To verify its practical feasibility, we have tested the immunosensor for Galectin-1 detection in clinical urine samples obtained from normal patients and those diagnosed with bladder cancer. Analysis of the clinical tests shows that the median normalized impedance variation during immunosensing for 22 cancer patients and 26 normal patients is 27% and 10%, respectively, with an identified cutoff point of 19.5% above which the sensitivity and specificity of bladder cancer detection was 82.1% and 80.8%, respectively. Based on these results, the proposed immunosensor shows promise for bladder cancer diagnosis and prognosis in a point of care format, thus enabling improved public health monitoring. Keywords Bladder Cancer . Impedance . Immunosensor . Dielectrophoresis . Clinical testing
1 Introduction Bladder Cancer is one the most common types of malignant tumors affecting the urinary system. Patients diagnosed with bladder cancer have an extremely high risk of recurrence even after treatment with a threat of progression to an aggressive advanced stage (Chamie et al. 2013). Currently, the most commonly used detection methods include urine cytology and Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10544-020-00501-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Cheng-Hsin Chuang [email protected] 1
Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
3
Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
cystoscopy (Sullivan et al. 2010). While urine cytolo
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