Pyrethroids Metabolites in Human Urine Samples
Pyrethroids are a class of extensively used insecticides for human and animal health protection. Concern has been growing about the possible human health effects from environmental exposure, e.g. chronic exposure to low levels, to pyrethroids. Several met
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Pyrethroids Metabolites in Human Urine Samples Luísa Correia Sá , Sara Sousa , Virgínia Cruz Fernandes , M. Luz Maia , Cristina Delerue-Matos , and Valentina F. Domingues
Abstract Pyrethroids are a class of extensively used insecticides for human and animal health protection. Concern has been growing about the possible human health effects from environmental exposure, e.g. chronic exposure to low levels, to pyrethroids. Several metabolites, specific or common to different pyrethroids, can be used for the assessment of pyrethroids exposure. 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid is a major urinary biomarker for numerous pyrethroids used nowadays and has been extensively analyzed and reported. Biomonitoring pyrethroids in human samples is undoubtedly necessary in order to support the clarification of potential correlations between exposure and adverse health effects. The present chapter is an overview of pyrethroids’ metabolitesanalyses in human urine samples, including analytical methods and reported values. Data from several studies from 1990 until March 2019 were collected. Studies from different countries and continents that assess exposure in diverse populations are addressed and different applied analytical methodologies are also discussed. Additionally, human biomonitoring was performed based on highly sensitive analytical methods and reports values for several metabolites, showing the relevance of human biomonitoring of pyrethroids. Some metabolites were below the human biomonitoring assessment values of 2 μg/L for the general population. However, we must consider that exceeds in the upper exposure percentiles of the general population, e.g. children. Keywords Pyrethroids · Metabolites · Urine · Human biomonitoring · Health · Population · Chromatography · Exposure assessment · Toxicity · Metabolism
L. Correia Sá · S. Sousa · V. C. Fernandes · M. L. Maia · C. Delerue-Matos V. F. Domingues (*) REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 47, Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 47, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54712-7_7
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Introduction
Pyrethroids are a class of extensively used insecticides for human and animal health protection. They are produced from naturally occurring pyrethrins that can be found in pyrethrum extract of the Tanacetum cineraraefolium. Their chemical structure is based in an acid and alcohol moiety with an ester bond (Saillenfait et al. 2015). The main active of compounds of the extract are pyrethrin I and II, with pyrethrin I having a monocarboxylic acid moiety while pyrethrin II has dicarboxylic acid (Wakeling et al. 2012). Even though the study of the chemical structures of the natural pyrethrins started in the 1920s, only five decades later pyrethrins stereochemistry was completed and elucidated (Kane
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