Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of insect larval and metamorphic molts
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of insect larval and metamorphic molts Weiye Si1†, Qingjie Wang2†, Yu Li1 and Dujuan Dong1*
Abstract Background: Molting is an essential biological process occurring characteristic times throughout the life cycle of holometabolous insects. However, it is not clear how insects determine the direction of molting to remain status quo or to initiate metamorphosis. To explore the functional factors that determine the direction of molts, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify the molecules involved in larval and metamorphic molting, and the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were compared in the two processes. Results: There were 321 and 1140 DEPs identified in larval and metamorphic molting process, respectively. Bioinformatics analyses show that the amino sugar pathway was up-regulated in both processes. The up-regulated protease contributed to the metamorphosis. In addition, several proteins with different expression patterns in larvallarval and larval-pupal transitions, including Endochitinase, GRIM-19 (Genes associated with retinoid-IFN-induced mortality-19), IDE (Insulin-degrading enzyme), Sorcin (Soluble resistance related calcium binding protein), OBP (Odorant-binding protein-2 precursor), TRAP1(Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated protein-1), etc., were further identified by parallel reaction monitoring, which may play diverse functions in larval-larval and larval-pupal transitions. Conclusions: These results provide a proteomic insight into molecules involved in larval and metamorphic molts, and will likely improve the current understanding of determination of direction of molts. Keywords: Molting, Metamorphosis, Proteomics, Holometabolous insects
Background Insects are a dominant terrestrial group on the Earth with wide distribution and tremendous amount. For the holometabolous class of insects, metamorphosis produced distinct morphology between larva and adult, which enhanced their adaptability to environment, and attributed to the evolutionary success [1]. Characteristic times molts segmented the lives of complete metamorphic insects into three major life stages, including larvae, pupae, and adults. Previous larval molts progress the larva from one instar to the next, during which a * Correspondence: [email protected] † Weiye Si and QingJie Wang are authors contributed equally to this work. 1 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
new cuticle secreted by the monolayer of epidermal cells and the old exoskeleton shed [2]. At the end of final larval instar, metamorphic molts switch the molting direction to pupa to adult. In addition to the replacement of old and new cuticle similar to the larval molts, degradation of larval tissues and remodeling of adult tissues occurred during the metamorphic molts [3–5]. How insects determine
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