Laser Physics and Technology Proceedings of the School on Laser Phys

The book, ‘Laser Physics and Technology’, addresses fundamentals of laser physics, representative laser systems and techniques, and some important applications of lasers. The present volume is a collection of articles based on some of the lectures deliver

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Pradeep Kumar Gupta Rajeev Khare Editors

Laser Physics and Technology Proceedings of the School on Laser Physics & Technology, Indore, India, March 12–30, 2012

Springer Proceedings in Physics Volume 160

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/361

Pradeep Kumar Gupta • Rajeev Khare Editors

Laser Physics and Technology Proceedings of the School on Laser Physics & Technology, Indore, India, March 12–30, 2012

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Editors Pradeep Kumar Gupta Laser Biomedical Applications & Instrumentation Division Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

Rajeev Khare Laser Systems Engineering Section Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

ISSN 0930-8989 ISSN 1867-4941 (electronic) ISBN 978-81-322-1999-6 ISBN 978-81-322-2000-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2000-8 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014954797 © Springer India 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface

Laser is a remarkable source of light and has proved to be one of the most important inventions of the last century. Although the first laser, a Ruby laser, was operated, just about 54 years ago, on 16 May 1960, in this relatively short spa