Lattice Structures Manufactured by SLM: On the Effect of Geometrical Dimensions on Microstructure Evolution During Proce
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itive manufacturing (AM), also termed direct manufacturing, is currently extremely present in public media as well as in scientific literature as it allows for design of highly complex and individualized products.[1–3] Consequently, AM is able to strongly effect future production processes and thus many industrial branches. During AM, a part is built up layer by layer based on data directly stemming from computer aided design (CAD). In comparison to traditional processing techniques such as drilling, milling, and casting, AM is characterized by numerous advantages related to different factors. Time to market is significantly reduced as AM allows for tool free production. This fact reduces cost as well, when the batch size is small to medium. The complexity of products can be increased tremendously as limitations linked to casting, e.g., the necessity to avoid undercuts is not present.[1–3] Within the last decades, numerous AM techniques have been invented
THOMAS NIENDORF, Group Leader, formerly with the Lehrstuhl fu¨r Werkstoffkunde (Materials Science), University of Paderborn, Pohlweg 47-49, 33098 Paderborn, Germany, is now with the Institute of Materials Engineering, Technische Universita¨t Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner-Strabe 5, 09599 Freiberg, Germany. Contact e-mail: [email protected], niendorf@mail. uni-paderborn.de FLORIAN BRENNE, Research Assistant, is with the Lehrstuhl fnr Werkstoffkunde (Materials Science), University of Paderborn and Direct Manufacturing Research Center (DMRC), University of Paderborn, Mersinweg 3, 33098 Paderborn, Germany. MIRKO SCHAPER, Professor, is with the Lehrstuhl fnr Werkstoffkunde (Materials Science), University of Paderborn. Manuscript submitted November 19, 2013. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
using all kinds of materials, i.e., polymers, ceramics, and metals. As the focus of the current paper will be on metals, only techniques for processing of metals will be introduced. Depending on the initial metal shape, i.e., in form of wire or powder, the processes are termed differently.[1–4] A second differentiation is made through the energy source used, i.e., a high energy laser source or an electron beam.[1–4] For processing of highly complex components, mainly powder-based techniques can be employed as the powder sizes used are in the micrometer range and thus allow for near net-shape design of sophisticated parts with tailored properties.[3,5,6] Techniques employed in this field are selective laser melting (SLM) and selective electron beam melting (SEBM).[1–3] SEBM is characterized by processing in vacuum avoiding any kind of contamination of the material employed. This fact makes SEBM the technique of choice for manufacturing parts from very brittle and sensitive alloys such as titanium aluminides.[7] SLM employs inert gas during processing to avoid contamination, but still residue of light elements can be found after processing. Employing fairly insensitive materials, e.g., austenitic steels and titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V, SLM can be robustly used. As t
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