Layered oxides as positive electrode materials for Na-ion batteries
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Introduction The global demand for advanced energy storage technology is rapidly increasing. Large-scale power storage systems for the grid are necessary to utilize electrical energy with high efficiency and for peak shift operation.1 Such energy storage devices could also be utilized to store electricity generated from solar cells and wind turbines serving as green energy resources. The rechargeable lithium battery (often called a Li-ion battery, as named by Sony Corp.) was originally developed and utilized as a high-energy power source for portable electronic devices and is now beginning to be utilized as a largescale power source for transportation applications instead of fossil fuel and combustion engines. Although lithium batteries with manganese- and iron-based materials such as LiMn2O4 and LiFePO4, respectively, potentially provide a solution to achieve sustainable energy development, we must reconsider the feasibility of lithium based on its availability.2 Lithium is not regarded as an abundant element even though it is widely
distributed in the Earth’s crust and sea. The mean mass fraction of lithium in the Earth’s crust is estimated to be only 20 ppm.3 Indeed, the cost of lithium resources has been increasing since the commercialization of lithium batteries.4 In contrast, sodium availability is nearly unlimited, such as the sea, and sodium is one of the most abundant elements on earth. Additionally, since sodium is the second-lightest and -smallest alkali metal next to lithium, the sacrifice in energy density is expected to be minimized if the same electrochemical insertion is utilized for the charge and discharge reactions. On the basis of material abundance and its similarity as an alkali metal ion, rechargeable sodium batteries (i.e., Na-ion batteries) are believed to be the ideal alternative to Li-ion batteries. In this article, we review advances in layered sodium transition metal oxides as positive electrode materials for batteries. Layered sodium transition metal oxides, NaxMeO2 (Me = transition metals), are promising candidates for positive electrode materials and are similar to the layered LiMeO2 materials utilized in Li-ion batteries. Their electrochemical
Kei Kubota, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Japan; Unit of ESICB, Kyoto University, Japan; [email protected] Naoaki Yabuuchi, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Japan; Unit of ESICB, Kyoto University, Japan; [email protected] Hiroaki Yoshida, Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Japan; [email protected] Mouad Dahbi, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Japan; Unit of ESICB, Kyoto University, Japan; [email protected] Shinichi Komaba, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Japan; Unit of ESICB, Kyoto University, Japan; [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/mrs.2014.85
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MRS BULLETIN • VOLUME 39 • MAY 2014 • www.mrs.org/bulletin
© 2014 Materials R
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