Halogens as Positive Electrode Active Species for Flow Batteries and Regenerative Fuel Cells
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Halogens as Positive Electrode Active Species for Flow Batteries and Regenerative Fuel Cells Alexander Jameson1 · Elod Gyenge1 Received: 7 September 2019 / Revised: 26 February 2020 / Accepted: 6 April 2020 © Shanghai University and Periodicals Agency of Shanghai University 2020
Abstract Flow batteries offer solutions to a number of the growing concerns regarding world energy, such as increasing the viability of renewable energy sources via load balancing. However, issues regarding the redox couples employed, including high costs, poor solubilities/energy densities, and durability of battery materials are still hampering widespread adoption of this technology. Flow batteries with a positive half-cell consisting of a halogen based redox couple ( Cl− ∕Cl2 , Br− ∕Br2 , I− ∕I2 ) offer several advantages over other alternatives, such as being relatively inexpensive, highly soluble, and exhibiting faster kinetics than many other electroactive redox couples. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive comparative review of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of relevant halogen and polyhalide redox couples, and recent advances in electrode and membrane materials for various halogen-based flow batteries and regenerative hydrogen fuel cells using halogens instead of oxygen. Keywords Flow battery · Chlorine · Bromine · Iodine · Energy storage · Zinc flow battery
1 Introduction As the population and the demand for energy increases, new resources are required in order to accommodate the world energy demand. It is predicted that the global population will rise to more than 9 billion people by 2040, and correspondingly the energy demand is projected to be 30% higher by that time [1]. With the planet’s non-renewable resources constantly depleting, it is commonly agreed on that largescale stationary application of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar are required to sustain human development at its current trajectory [2]. With current policies, energy generation from wind is expected to increase from 981 TWh to 1983 TWh in 2025 and 3358 TWh in 2040 [1]. Similarly, solar photovoltaic energy is expected to increase from the current annual 303 TWh to 1096 TWh by 2025 [1].
* Elod Gyenge [email protected] Alexander Jameson [email protected] 1
University of British Columbia, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Clean Energy Research Centre, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
These predictions are expected to further develop if more stringent policies can be successfully put into place. However, most renewable energy sources are inconsistent and unpredictable due to constant fluctuations in output and therefore need to be coupled to some form of large-scale electrical energy storage (EES) in order to realize their full potential [3]. EES technology can store excess energy during periods of low demand, and then supply this energy during times when the renewable source cannot meet consumer demands. There are several different potential EES technologies, including geological sto
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