Lethal and Teratogenic Impacts of Imazapyr, Diquat Dibromide, and Glufosinate Ammonium Herbicide Formulations Using Frog
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Lethal and Teratogenic Impacts of Imazapyr, Diquat Dibromide, and Glufosinate Ammonium Herbicide Formulations Using Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay‑Xenopus (FETAX) Oluwaseun Olusegun Babalola1,2 · Johannes Christoff Truter1,3 · Johannes Hannes Van Wyk1 Received: 2 May 2020 / Accepted: 21 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Globally, amphibians are experiencing widespread abnormalities and population declines. One potential contributor to these challenges is the use of pesticides, particularly aquatic herbicides applied to aquatic habitats inhabited by amphibians. Critical issues of concern are the potential toxicity and teratogenicity of these herbicides towards amphibians. Using the FETAX protocol, three globally used formulations, including diquat dibromide (Midstream), glufosinate ammonium (Basta), and imazapyr (Arsenal), were assessed for embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, and growth inhibition. Developing Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed for 96 h at concentrations of 0.5–3.0 mg/L, 1.6–3.0 mg/L, and 20–45 mg/L for Midstream, Basta, and Arsenal respectively. The 96-h L C50 estimates were 0.83 mg/L acid equivalent (a.e.), 36 mg/L a.e., and 2.2 mg/L a.e., whereas the EC50 estimates were 0.24 mg/L a.e., 28.13 mg/L a.e., and 2.01 mg/L a.e. for the Midstream, Arsenal, and Basta formulations, respectively. These two estimates produced Teratogenic Index of 3.5, 1.3, and 1.1 for Midstream, Arsenal, and Basta, respectively, indicating a high risk of malformation induction by Midstream and moderate risk for Arsenal. Regarding growth inhibition, lowest observable effect concentrations of 0.5 mg/L, 25 mg/L, and 2.0 mg/L were computed for Midstream, Arsenal, and Basta, respectively, producing the minimum concentration inhibiting growth (MCIG) ratios of 0.62, 0.69, and 0.89 for the three formulations. These MICG values are higher than the standard 0.30 growth inhibitors benchmark, suggesting that the formulations are not growth inhibitors at the evaluated concentrations. This study provides evidence of the embryotoxic and teratogenic status of Midstream and the embryotoxicity of Basta. There is a need to further characterise the physiological and ecological impacts of these formulations to ensure responsible use and the safety of amphibians and other wildlife. Pesticides, including herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides, have been of immense benefits to mankind (European Environmental Agency (EEA) 2011; WHO 2013). These anthropogenic chemicals can increase farm yield, enhance pest control, environmental management, and improve Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-020-00756-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Oluwaseun Olusegun Babalola [email protected] 1
Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
2
Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria
3
Department of Par
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