Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources
Governments are setting challenging targets to increase the production of energy and transport fuel from sustainable sources. The emphasis is increasingly on renewable sources including wind, solar, geothermal, biomass based biofuel, photovoltaics or ener
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Anoop Singh Deepak Pant Stig Irving Olsen Editors
Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources
Green Energy and Technology
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8059
Anoop Singh Deepak Pant Stig Irving Olsen •
Editors
Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources
123
Editors Anoop Singh New Delhi India
Stig Irving Olsen Bagsværd Denmark
Deepak Pant PRODEM Mol Belgium
ISSN 1865-3529 ISBN 978-1-4471-5363-4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-5364-1
ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-4471-5364-1 (eBook)
Springer London Heidelberg New York Dordrecht Library of Congress Control Number: 2013946320 Ó Springer-Verlag London 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Foreword
With the advent of modern civilisation and continuously growing human population, there is constant increase in the demand for the energy world over for livelihood and recreational purposes. The major sources of conventional energy derived through petroleum resources and coal reserves are depleting, which have raised the concerns and led to growing global interest in developing alternative sources of energy. National governments also see energy independence as a kind of security for the country. There have been intensive efforts all over the world to explore an
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