Light-driven nanomotors and micromotors: envisioning new analytical possibilities for bio-sensing
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Light-driven nanomotors and micromotors: envisioning new analytical possibilities for bio-sensing Kaisong Yuan 1,2 & Javier Bujalance-Fernández 1 & Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez 1,3 & Alberto Escarpa 1,3 Received: 27 July 2020 / Accepted: 30 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The aim of this conceptual review is to cover recent developments of light-propelled micromotors for analytical (bio)-sensing. Challenges of self-propelled light-driven micromotors in complex (biological) media and potential solutions from material aspects and propulsion mechanism to achieve final analytical detection for in vivo and in vitro applications will be comprehensively covered.
Keywords Nanomotors . Micromotors . Light-propulsion . Biomedicine . Janus particles, lab on a chip, visual detection, SERS Acronyms CV Crystal violet DOX Doxorubicin FITC Fluorescein isothiocyanate GO Graphene oxide QDs Quantum dots MCF-7 Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cancer cell line MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide NIR Near infrared NW Nanowire PCL Polycaprolactone PDMS Polydimethylsiloxane PPy Polypyrrole PVA Polyvinyl alcohol rGO Reduced graphene oxide
* Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez [email protected] * Alberto Escarpa [email protected] 1
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
2
Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
3
Chemical Research Institute “Andrés M. del Río”, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
SEM SERS UV VIS 2D
Scanning-electron microscopy Surface enhanced Raman scattering Ultraviolet Visible Two-dimensional
Introduction Nanomotors and micromotors are nanoscale and microscale devices capable of autonomous movement in liquid media by catalytic reactions or by the action of an external stimulate such as magnetic, ultrasound, or light inputs. Early analytical applications started in 2005 [1–5], with few developments until 2009 when catalytic tubular micromotors were discovered, overcoming the limitation of propulsion in salt-rich media and opening new applications for chemical analysis in biological media [6–16]. Analytical chemistry can greatly benefit from the outstanding properties of micromotors to perform on-the-fly operations in miniaturized environments and to solve complex challenges. Since 2009, a myriad of applications relying mainly on tubular and Janus micromotors have been reported. Tubular micromotors possess a multilayer structure from 5 to 15 μm in length and a tunable tube opening ranging from 1 to 5 μm diameter length. Speeds of up to 1100 body lengths per second make them particularly promising to develop selective (bio)-assays in complex media. The outer layer of tubular micromotors can be a polymer, or a (carbon) (2D) nanomaterial, whereas the inner layer is a catalyst (platinum, manganese dioxide, silver, or zinc). An intermediate layer
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