Linear Partial Differential Operators
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Herausgegeben von
J. L. Doob . E. Heinz' F. Hirzebruch . E. Hopf . H. Hopf W. Maak . S. MacLane . W. Magnus' D. Mumford M. M. Postnikov . F. K. Schmidt· D. S. Scott· K. Stein
Geschaftsfuhrende Herausgeber B. Eckmann und B. L. van der Waerden
Lars Hormander
Linear Partial Differential Operators
Third Revised Printing
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1969
Dr. Lars HÖrmander Professor at the University of Lund
Geschäftsführende Herausgeber :
Prof. Dr. B. Eckmann Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich
Prof. Dr. B. L. van der Waerden Mathematisches Institut der Universität Zürich
ISBN 978-3-662-30653-6 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-30722-9
ISBN 978-3-662-30722-9 (eBook)
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from publisher © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1963, 1964, and 1969
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1969 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 3rd edition 1969
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 77-86178 Title No. 5099
Preface The aim of this book is to give a systematic study of questions concerning existence, uniqueness and regularity of solutions of linear partial differential equations and boundary problems. Let us note explicitly that this program does not contain such topics as eigenfunction expansions, although we do give the main facts concerning differential operators which are required for their study. The restriction to linear equations also means that the trouble of achieving minimal assumptions concerning the smoothness of the coefficients of the differential equations studied would not be worth while; we usually assume that they are infinitely differentiable. Functional analysis and distribution theory form the framework for the theory developed here. However, only classical results of functional analysis are used although the terminology employed is that of BOURBAKI. To make the exposition self-contained we present in Chapter I the elements of distribution theory that are required. With the possible exception of section 1.8, this introductory chapter should be bypassed by a reader who is already familiar with distribution theory. No attempt has been made to compile a complete bibliography. Most references given are only intended to indicate recent sources for the material presented or closely related topics. In order to show the connection with the classical theory a few references to older literature have also been given. For a much more extensive bibliography of some of the topics studied here we refer to J. L. LIONS, Equations differentielles operationelles, which has recently appeared in this series. I am greatly indebted to Professors B. MALGRANGE and P. COHEN who have permitted the inclusion of unpublished results of theirs in sections 5.8 and 8.9 respectively, and to Professor HENRY HELSON who made a very careful revision of the English text. A major part of the work was done at Stanford University, The University of California, The Institute for Advanced S