Linkages between occupation and elevated blood pressure among men in India: a cross-sectional study
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Linkages between occupation and elevated blood pressure among men in India: a cross-sectional study Chander Shekhar1 • Apurba Shil2,3 Received: 25 November 2019 / Revised: 8 June 2020 / Accepted: 10 June 2020 Ó Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+) 2020
Abstract Objectives The study aims to examine the linkages between occupation and elevated blood pressure among men aged 25–54 years in India. Methods The study is based on the National Family Health Survey India, 2015–16. Age-standardized prevalence rates, v2 tests and multivariable ordered logistic regression models were used to fulfill the study objectives. Results In India, more than five out of hundred men of age group 25–54 years are suffering from moderately or severely elevated blood pressure levels. The findings depict an occupation wise inequality in the elevated blood pressure levels. Men belonging to professional-managerial-technical (PR = 6.42 per 100 men) and sales (PR = 6.10 per 100 men) occupational groups are facing a much higher burden. From the fitted multivariable ordered logistic models, we found that highly educated-unemployed and married-unemployed men were found to be at higher risk of elevated blood pressure levels. Conclusions The study found linkages between the occupation of men and elevated blood pressure levels in India. Urgent attention is needed to the vulnerable occupational groups like professional-technical-managerial, clerical, and sales with a special focus to the unemployed cohort of the country. Keywords Occupation Elderly Blood pressure Non-communicable diseases India
Introduction According to the World Health Organization (WHO), ‘‘blood pressure’’ is the force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of the body’s arteries. A higher level of blood pressure in the human body is termed as ‘‘elevated blood pressure’’ or ‘‘Hypertension’’ (WHO 2019). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-01411-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. & Apurba Shil [email protected]; [email protected] Chander Shekhar [email protected] 1
Department of Fertility Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai 400088, India
2
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, India
3
Department of Public Health, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
Hypertension is a major public health concern worldwide because of its higher incidence rates and affiliated risks of heart, brain, kidney, and other diseases (Kearney et al. 2005). It is the major but modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, cardiovascular diseases (CVD)-related mortality, chronic renal failure, and healthcare expenditures (Devi et al. 2013; Le et al. 2011; WHO 2019). An estimated 1.13 billion people are affected by hypertension, globally, most (two-thirds) of which live in low-and-middle
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