Circadian Regulation of Blood Pressure: of Mice and Men
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SLEEP AND HYPERTENSION (SJ THOMAS, SECTION EDITOR)
Circadian Regulation of Blood Pressure: of Mice and Men Megan K. Rhoads 1 & Vikhram Balagee 2 & S. Justin Thomas 3
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review Blood pressure (BP) exhibits strong diurnal variations that have been shown to be important for normal physiology and health. In this review, we highlight recent advances in both basic and clinic research on how the circadian clock affects these BP rhythms. Recent Findings Tissue-specific and inducible knockout rodent models have provided novel ways to dissect how circadian clocks regulate BP rhythms and demonstrated that loss of these rhythms is associated with the development of disease. The use of circadian-specific research protocols has translated findings from rodent models to humans, providing insight into circadian control of BP, as well as how sleep, activity, and other factors influence diurnal BP rhythms. Summary Circadian mechanisms play an important role in the regulation of diurnal BP rhythms. Future research needs to extend these findings to clinical populations and determine the extent to which circadian factors may play a role in the development of novel treatment approaches to the management of hypertension. Keywords Circadian rhythm . Blood pressure . Translational research
Introduction Maintenance of normal blood pressure (BP) is important for health and longevity. Clinical guidelines highlight the importance of maintaining BP within normal levels due to the strong association between strictly controlled BP and decreased risk of major cardiovascular events and death [1–3]. The increased use of 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring has highlighted the importance of time-of-day-dependent changes in BP. BP follows a diurnal rhythm where a 10–20% decrease in pressure, or dip, occurs during the inactive or sleep period. Loss of this diurnal variation, known as “non-dipping,” is associated with metabolic disorders, and progression of chronic kidney
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Sleep and Hypertension * S. Justin Thomas [email protected] 1
Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
2
Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
3
Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, SC1010, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA
disease, and can contribute to the onset and development of cardiovascular disease [4]. On a molecular level, the highly conserved circadian molecular clock keeps time through a series of transcriptionaltranslational feedback loops (Fig. 1, adapted from the UC San Diego BioClock Studio). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 (Arntl), also known as Bmal1, heterodimerizes with Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput (Clock) to promote the transcription of the repressor genes, Period (Per homologs Per1, Per2, and Per3), and Cryptochrome (Cry, homologs Cry1 and Cry2). Once trans
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