Locust bean gum as green and water-soluble binder for LiFePO 4 and Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 electrodes
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Locust bean gum as green and water‑soluble binder for LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 electrodes Paweł Jakóbczyk1,2 · Michał Bartmański3 · Ewelina Rudnicka1 Received: 17 May 2020 / Accepted: 10 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Locust Bean Gum (LBG, carob bean gum) was investigated as an environmentally friendly, natural, and water-soluble binder for cathode (LFP) and anode (LTO) in lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion). For the first time, we show LBG as an electrode binder and compare to those of the most popular aqueous (CMC) and conventional (PVDF) binders. The electrodes were characterized using TGA/DSC, the galvanostatic charge–discharge cycle test, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Thermal decomposition of LBG is seen to begin above 250 °C with a weight loss of about 60 wt% observed at 300 °C, which is sufficient to ensure stable performance of the electrode in a Li-ion battery. For CMC, weight loss at the same temperature is about 45%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that the LFP–LBG system has a similar distribution of conductive carbon black particles to PVDF electrodes. The LTO–LBG electrode has a homogeneous dispersion of the electrode elements and maintains the electrical integrity of the network even after cycling, which leads to fast electron migration between LTO and carbon black particles, as well as ion conductivity between LTO active material and electrolyte, better than in systems with CMC and PVDF. The exchange current density, obtained from impedance spectroscopy fell within a broad range between 10−4 and 1 0−2 mA cm−2 for the LTO|Li and LFP|Li systems, respectively. The results presented in this paper indicate that LBG is a new promising material to serve as a binder. Graphic abstract
Keywords Locust bean gum · Binder · Lithium-ion batteries · Anode · Cathode
1 Introduction * Paweł Jakóbczyk [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are continuously being developed and improved. Many papers presented attempt to increase their energy density, power, cyclability, or reduce
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their cost. It is also expected that these batteries will be environmentally friendly [1–4]. There have been many efforts to optimize the components of LiBs to broaden the range of their potential applications. Li-ion batteries are composed of anode and cathode electrodes separated by a separator soaked in an electrolyte. Both electrodes include an active material, a conductive agent, a current collector, and a polymeric binder. Although the content of the binder in electrodes is small (0.5–12 wt%), it is a key component of electrodes [5–8]. Binder materials have an influence on the physical structure and the whole electrical network integrity of electrodes [9]. They should be electrochemically stable in the requested potential window, guarantee good dispersion of the active material and the conducting agent and bind them with the current col
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